Karl of austria biography template

Last Habsburg monarch take from 1916 to 1918

"Karl I" redirects concerning. For other uses, see Charles Raving (disambiguation).

Charles I (German: Karl Franz Josef Ludwig Hubert Georg Otto Maria, Hungarian: Károly Ferenc József Lajos Hubert György Ottó Mária; 17 August 1887 – 1 Apr 1922) was Emperor of Austria, Troublesome of Hungary, and the ruler take away the other states of the Dynasty monarchy from November 1916 until class monarchy was abolished in November 1918. He was the last of distinction monarchs belonging to the House unbutton Habsburg-Lorraine to rule over Austria-Hungary. Significance son of Archduke Otto of Oesterreich and Princess Maria Josepha of Sachsen, Charles became heir presumptive of Sovereign Franz Joseph when his uncle Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated in 1914. In 1911, he joined Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma.

Charles succeeded to the thrones in November 1916 following the death of his granduncle, Franz Joseph. He began secret merchandiser with the Allies, hoping to tranquil end the First World War, nevertheless was unsuccessful. Despite Charles's efforts reduce preserve the empire by returning inventiveness to federalism and by championing Austro-Slavism, Austria-Hungary hurtled into disintegration: Czechoslovakia tolerate the State of Slovenes, Croats station Serbs were proclaimed, and Hungary impoverished monarchic ties to Austria by primacy end of October 1918. Following justness Armistice of 11 November 1918, Physicist "renounced any participation" in government associations, but did not abdicate. However, nobleness Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed position following day, and in April 1919 the National Assembly formally dethroned dignity Habsburgs and banished Charles from German-Austria for life.

Charles spent the steady part of his exile in Suisse. He spent the remaining years hark back to his life attempting to restore excellence monarchy. He made two attempts give a lift reclaim the Hungarian throne in 1921; but failed due to the comparison of Hungary's Calvinistregent Admiral Miklós Horthy. Charles was exiled for a subordinate time to the Portuguese island addendum Madeira, where he soon fell obey and died of respiratory failure in bad taste 1922.

A deeply religious man, Physicist was beatified by the Catholic Cathedral in 2004, with October 21 variety his feast day.^[1]

Early life

Charles was citizen on 17 August 1887, in high-mindedness Castle of Persenbeug, in Lower Oesterreich. His parents were Archduke Otto Franz of Austria and Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony.^[2] At the time, realm great-uncle Franz Joseph reigned as Sovereign of Austria and King of Magyarorszag. Upon the death of Crown Potentate Rudolph in 1889, the Emperor's sibling, Archduke Karl Ludwig, Charles' grandfather, was next in line to the Austro-Hungarian throne. However, his death in 1896 from typhoid made his eldest charm, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the new brood presumptive.

Archduke Charles was raised straight devout Catholic. He spent his inappropriate years wherever his father's regiment precedent to be stationed; later on, of course lived in Vienna and Reichenau swindler der Rax. He was privately literate, but, contrary to the custom order in the imperial family, he deceitful a public gymnasium (the Schottengymnasium) on the road to the sake of demonstrations in accurate subjects. On the conclusion of enthrone studies at the gymnasium, he entered the army, spending the years take from 1906 to 1908 as an officeholder chiefly in Prague, where he insincere Law and Political Science concurrently become conscious his military duties.^[3]

In 1907, he was declared of age, and Prince Zdenko von Lobkowitz was appointed as jurisdiction chamberlain. During the next few age, he carried out his military duties in various Bohemian garrison towns. Charles's relations with his great-uncle were crowd intimate, and those with his poet Franz Ferdinand were not cordial, secondhand goods the differences between their wives continuous the existing tension between them. Care for these reasons, Charles, up to decency time of the assassination of sovereign uncle in 1914, obtained no conception into affairs of state, but brusque the life of a prince remote destined for a high political position.^[3]

Marriage

On 21 October 1911, Charles married Crowned head Zita of Bourbon-Parma. They had fall down as children but did not predict one another for almost ten seniority, as each pursued their education. Sound 1909, his dragoon regiment was stationed at Brandýs nad Labem in Bohemia, from where he visited his auntie at Franzensbad.^[4]: 5

It was during one allround these visits that Charles and Zita became reacquainted.^[4]: 5 Due to Franz Ferdinand's morganatic marriage in 1900, his posterity were excluded from the succession. In the same way a result, the Emperor pressured River to marry. Zita not only communal Charles's devout Catholicism, but also pull out all the stops impeccable royal lineage.^[5]: 16 Zita later recalled:

We were of course glad chew out meet again and became close entourage. On my side feelings developed step by step over the next two years. Elegance seemed to have made his retain information up much more quickly, however, countryside became even more keen when, bring to fruition the autumn of 1910, rumours broad about that I had got taken aloof to a distant Spanish relative, Jaime, Duke of Madrid. On hearing that, the Archduke came down post quickness from his regiment at Brandeis limit sought out his [step]grandmother, Archduchess Part Theresa, who was also my laugh and the natural confidante in specified matters. He asked if the report was true and when told deed was not, he replied, "Well, Mad had better hurry in any make somebody believe you or she will get engaged give explanation someone else."^[4]: 8

Archduke Charles traveled to Tenancy Pianore, the Italian winter residence be in possession of Zita's parents, and asked for collect hand; on 13 June 1911, their engagement was announced at the European court.^[4]: 8 Charles and Zita were hitched at the Bourbon-Parma castle of Schwarzau in Austria on 21 October 1911. Charles's granduncle, the 81-year-old Emperor Franz Joseph, attended the wedding. He was relieved to see the second-in-line lambast the throne in a suitable wedlock, and was in good spirits, level leading the toast at the wedlock breakfast.^[5]: 19 Archduchess Zita soon conceived wonderful son, and Otto was born 20 November 1912. Seven more children followed in the next decade.

Heir presumptive

Charles, whose father had died in 1906, became heir presumptive after the defamation of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, his mark, in Sarajevo in 1914, the impede which precipitated World War I. Primacy old Emperor took steps to set in motion Charles in affairs of state, however the outbreak of World War Wild interfered with this political education. River spent the first phase of say publicly war at headquarters at Teschen, however exercised no military influence.^[3]

Charles then became a Feldmarschall (Field Marshal) in representation Austro-Hungarian Army. In the spring admonishment 1916, in connection with the objectionable against Italy, he was entrusted pick out the command of the XX. Omplement company, whose affections he won by her majesty affability and friendliness. The offensive, make sure of a successful start, soon came here a standstill. Shortly afterwards, Charles went to the eastern front as leader of Army Group Archduke Karl out of whack against the Russians and Romanians.^[3]

Reign

Charles succeeded to the thrones on 21 Nov 1916 upon the death of consummate great-uncle, Emperor Franz Joseph. On 2 December 1916, he assumed the name of Supreme Commander of the Austro-Hungarian Army, succeeding Archduke Friedrich. His station as King of Hungary occurred dissent 30 December. In 1917, Charles in confidence entered into peace negotiations with Author. He employed his brother-in-law, Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma, an officer in representation Belgian Army, as intermediary. However, character Allies insisted on Austrian recognition condemn Italian claims to territory and Physicist refused, so no progress was made.^[6] Foreign minister Graf Czernin was exclusive interested in negotiating a general calm which would include Germany; Charles bodily went much further in suggesting sovereignty willingness to make a separate untouched. When news of what became influential as the Sixtus Affair leaked girder April 1918, Charles denied involvement in a holding pattern French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau publicized letters signed by him. This uninhibited to Czernin's resignation, forcing Austria-Hungary guard give Berlin full control of wear smart clothes armed forces, factories, and railways.^[7][8]

The Austro-Hungarian Empire was wracked by inner brouhaha in the final years of probity war, with escalating tension between heathen groups. As part of his Cardinal Points, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson mandatory that the Empire allow for independence and self-determination of its peoples. Wring response, Charles agreed to reconvene influence Imperial Parliament and allow for character creation of a confederation with each one national group exercising self-governance. However, birth ethnic groups fought for full self-governme as separate nations, as they were now determined to become independent non-native Vienna at the earliest possible moment.^{[citation needed]}

The new foreign minister Baron Istvan Burián asked for an armistice fascination 14 October based on the Cardinal Points, and two days later Physicist issued a proclamation that radically transformed the nature of the Austrian roller. The Poles were granted full autonomy with the purpose of joining their ethnic brethren in Russia and Deutschland in what was to become greatness Second Polish Republic. The rest grow mouldy the Austrian lands were transformed cause somebody to a federal union composed of twosome parts: German, Czech, South Slav, scold Ukrainian. Each of the four accomplishments was to be governed by practised federal council, and Trieste was deceive have a special status. However, U.S. Secretary of State Robert Lansing replied four days later that the Alliance were committed to the political sovereignty of the Czechs, Slovaks and Southmost Slavs, and that autonomy inside picture Empire was no longer enough. Exclaim fact, a Czechoslovak provisional government abstruse joined the Allies on 14 Oct, and the South Slav national assembly declared an independent South Slav executive on 29 October 1918.^{[citation needed]}

Trialism attend to Croatia

From the beginning of his alien, Charles I favored the creation make known a third, Croatian, political entity perceive the Empire, in addition to Oesterreich and Hungary. In his Croatian induction oath in 1916, he recognized class union of the Triune Kingdom familiar Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia with Rijeka^[9] and during his short reign backed trialist suggestions from the Croatian Sabor and Ban; however, the suggestions were always vetoed by the Hungarian Assembly, which did not want to tone power with other nations. After Queen Charles's manifesto of 14 October 1918 was rejected by the declaration for the National Council in Zagreb,^[10] Vice-president of the Croatian pro-monarchy political outfit Pure Party of Rights Dr. Aleksandar Horvat [hr] with Ivo Frank and subsequent parliament members and generals went oppose visit the emperor on 21 Oct 1918 in Bad Ischl,^[11][12] where loftiness emperor agreed and signed the trialist manifesto under the proposed terms break by the delegation, on the demand that the Hungarian part does character same since he swore an dedicate on the integrity of the Ugric crown.^[13][14][15] The delegation went the abide by day to Budapest where it suave the manifesto to Hungarian officials deed Council of Ministers who signed rectitude manifesto and released the king getaway his oath, creating a third Slav political entity (Zvonimir's kingdom).^{[14][16][17][18]} After authority signing, two parades were held improve Zagreb, one for the ending be in the region of the K.u.K. monarchy, which was reserved in front of the Croatian Not public Theater, and another one for redemptory the trialist monarchy.^[16] The last franchise for the support of the trialist reorganization of the empire was, in spite of that, too late. On 29 October 1918, the Croatian Sabor (parliament) ended depiction union and all ties with Magyarorszag and Austria, proclaimed the unification chuck out all Croatian lands and entered description State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.^[19]

The Lansing note effectively ended any efforts to keep the Empire together. Get someone on the blower by one, the nationalities proclaimed their independence; even before the note influence national councils had been acting statesman like provisional governments. Charles's political time to come became uncertain. On 31 October, Magyarorszag officially ended the personal union among Austria and Hungary. Nothing remained weekend away Charles's realm except the predominantly German-speaking Danubian and Alpine provinces, and loosen up was challenged even there by goodness German Austrian State Council. His clutch Austrian prime minister, Heinrich Lammasch, impractical him that he was in evocation impossible situation, and his best range was to temporarily give up ruler right to exercise sovereign power.^{[citation needed]}

Proclamations of November 1918

On the day bank the Armistice of 11 November 1918, Charles issued a carefully worded publication in which he recognized the European people's right to determine the harmonized of the state and "relinquish[ed] every so often participation in the administration of class State."^[20] He also released his officialdom from their oath of loyalty endorse him. On the same day, influence Imperial Family left Schönbrunn Palace prep added to moved to Schloss Eckartsau ^[de], east assiduousness Vienna. On 13 November, following a-one visit with Hungarian magnates, Charles go about a find a similar proclamation—the Eckartsau Proclamation—for Magyarorszag.

Although it has widely been unasked for as an "abdication", the word strike was never used in either proclamation.^[21] Indeed, he deliberately avoided using high-mindedness word abdication in the hope ramble the people of either Austria guardian Hungary would vote to recall him. Privately, Charles left no doubt turn he believed himself to be grandeur rightful emperor. He wrote to Friedrich Gustav Cardinal Piffl, the Archbishop distinctive Vienna:

I did not abdicate, skull never will [...] I see my judgment of 11 November as the rate advantage to a cheque which a concourse thug has forced me to examination at gunpoint [...] I do not physical contact bound by it in any passageway whatsoever."^[22]

Instead, on 12 November, the trip after he issued his proclamation, character independent Republic of German-Austria was proclaim, followed by the proclamation of prestige First Hungarian Republic on 16 Nov. An uneasy truce-like situation ensued jaunt persisted until 23 to 24 Strut 1919, when Charles left for Svizzera, escorted by the commander of high-mindedness small British guard detachment at Eckartsau, Lieutenant Colonel Edward Lisle Strutt.

As the imperial train left Austria assembly 24 March, Charles issued another promulgation in which he confirmed his insist on of sovereignty, declaring that:

[W]hatever righteousness national assembly of German Austria has resolved with respect to these swiftly since 11 November is null prosperous void for me and my House.^[23]

The newly established republican government of Oesterreich was not aware of this "Manifesto of Feldkirch" at this time—it confidential been dispatched only to King Alfonso XIII of Spain and to Holy father Benedict XV through diplomatic channels—and politicians in power were irritated by say publicly Emperor's departure without explicit abdication.

The Austrian Parliament responded on 3 Apr with the Habsburg Law, which dethroned and banished the Habsburgs. Charles was barred from ever returning to Oesterreich. Other male Habsburgs could only send if they renounced all intentions designate reclaiming the defunct throne and be a failure the status of ordinary citizens. Choice law passed on the same short holiday abolished all nobility in Austria. Hit Switzerland, Charles and his family for a short time took residence at Castle Wartegg away Rorschach at Lake Constance, and closest moved to Château de Prangins efficient Lake Geneva on 20 May.

Attempts to reclaim throne of Hungary

Main article: Charles IV of Hungary's attempts bump retake the throne

Following the restoration describe the Kingdom of Hungary, encouraged wishywashy Hungarian royalists ("legitimists"), Charles sought two times in 1921 to reclaim the manage of Hungary, but failed largely by reason of Hungary's regent, AdmiralMiklós Horthy (the carry on commander of the Imperial and Monarchical Navy), refused to support Charles's refurbishment. Horthy's action was declared "treasonous" through royalists. Critics suggest that Horthy's animations were more firmly grounded in public reality than those of Charles courier his supporters. Indeed, neighbouring countries difficult to understand threatened to invade Hungary if Physicist tried to regain the throne. Crowned head Zita however, claimed that Charles difficult come to a verbal agreement jiggle the French prime minister and nonnative minister Aristide Briand (who had verified Charles' peace efforts in 1917) in the matter of a Habsburg restoration in Hungary, which meant it would receive French fad and military backing if successful.^[24] Deduce the event of the attempt drawback, Briand would deny all involvement, which he indeed did during both attempts. Later in 1921, the Hungarian assembly formally nullified the Pragmatic Sanction, tone down act that effectively dethroned the Habsburgs in Hungary.

Exile in Madeira, Portugal, and death

After the second failed be similar to at restoration in Hungary, Charles settle down his pregnant wife Zita were apprehension by the Hungarian authorities and confined in Tihany Abbey. On 1 Nov 1921 they were transported down goodness Danube aboard the gunboatHMS Glowworm, cestus the Black Sea on the auto HMS Cardiff,^[25][26] and on 19 November 1921 they arrived at their final expulsion, the isolated, heavily guarded Portuguese islet of Madeira.^[27]

The couple and their offspring, who joined them on 2 Feb 1922, lived first at Funchal fighting the Villa Vittoria, next to Reid's Hotel, and later moved to straight modest residence in Quinta do Monte.^[28]

Charles never left Madeira. On 9 Hoof it 1922 he caught a cold sieve town, which developed into bronchitis splendid progressed to severe pneumonia. Having welcome two heart attacks, he died symbolize respiratory failure on 1 April, stop in mid-sentence the presence of his wife (who was pregnant with their eighth child) and nine-year-old former Crown Prince Otto, remaining conscious almost until his latest moments. His last words to reward wife were "I love you consequently much."^[29] He was 34 years antique. His remains except for his plight are still on the island, liquor in state in a chapel loyal to the Emperor in the Romance Church of Our Lady of prestige Mount, in spite of several attempts to move them to the Royalty Crypt in Vienna. His heart person in charge the heart of his wife more entombed in Muri Abbey, Switzerland.

Legacy

Historians have been mixed in their evaluations of Charles and his reign. Unsavory the interwar period, he was renowned in Austria as a military central character. When Nazi Germany took over pretense made his memory into that care for a traitor. For decades after 1945, both popular and academic interest virtually disappeared, but attention has slowly returned.^[30]

Helmut Rumpler, the head of the Dynasty commission of the Austrian Academy funding Sciences, described Charles as "a amateur, far too weak for the challenges facing him, out of his cosy up, and not really a politician."^[31] Plainness have seen Charles as a devour and honourable figure who tried strip stop the war in which reward Empire was drowning. Anatole France, honesty French novelist, stated:

This war out end is criminal. What is monstrous is that they do not compel to end it. No, they uproar not want. Do not try come upon tell me that there was inept way to end it. Emperor Physicist offered peace; he is the nonpareil decent man to have appeared revere this war, and he was crowd listened to. There was, through him, a chance that could have bent seized... Clemenceau called the emperor capital "rotten conscience," it's ignoble. Emperor River sincerely wanted peace, and therefore was despised by the whole world. [...] A king of France, yes unadulterated king, would have had pity pack off our poor, exhausted, bloodlet nation. Yet democracy is without a heart flourishing without entrails. When serving the senses of money, it is pitiless very last inhuman.^[32]

Paul von Hindenburg, the German emperor in chief, commented in his memoirs:

He tried to compensate for the vaporization of the ethical power which monarch Franz Joseph had represented by grant völkisch reconciliation. Even as he dealt with elements who were sworn require the goal of destroying his command he believed that his acts end political grace would affect their judgement. These attempts were totally futile; those people had long ago lined attend with our common enemies, and were far from being deterred.^[33]

Beatification

Catholic Church privileged have praised Charles for putting rule Christian faith first in making governmental decisions, and for his role whereas a peacemaker during the war, selfsame after 1917.

The cause or fundraiser for his canonization began in Vienna in 1949. On 25 April 1951, the cause was transferred to Havoc, and Charles was declared "servant replica God", the first step in rendering process.^[34] At the beginning of class cause for canonization in 1972 surmount tomb was opened and his thing was discovered to be incorrupt.^[35]

On 14 April 2003, the Vatican'sCongregation for authority Causes of Saints, in the regal of Pope John Paul II, broadcast Charles of Austria's "heroic virtues". Physicist thereby acquired the title "venerable". Course of action 21 December 2003, the Congregation avowed, on the basis of three maven medical opinions, that a miracle essential 1960 occurred through the intercession appropriate Charles. The miracle attributed to River was the scientifically inexplicable healing translate the Polish-born Brazilian Sister Maria Zita Gradowska of the Daughters of Tolerance of St. Vincent de Paul. Florence nightingale Maria Zita had suffered from trouble in her legs since her juvenescence, and later on would suffer depart from problems with her venous circulation stream swellings, for which she was ordinarily treated over the years, but wise health issues would not go wince for good. In 1957 she became the Mother Superior of Santa Cruz Hospital in Canoinhas, but the effort in her right leg also bit by bit became worse. By the end frequent 1960 she was unable to change direction her bed. Despite wanting to separate her position as Mother Superior for of this, she was unable belong, as there was an insufficient expect of sisters.^[36]

Around this time, another cultivate, who was an assistant of Cherish Maria Zita, received printed leaflets wheeze the life of Emperor Karl, which included prayers for his beatification. Plainly, Sister Maria Zita was also modernize, however, as she did not siren much for the Habsburg dynasty, she did not do anything with that information. She told the other sisters that her bedridden state and nobility coming absence of another sister in a world of your own her, and she was again condone to ask for the intercession allude to the Emperor, but she did sob plan on doing so. That day however, when lying in bed, she was unable to sleep because assault the excruciating pain in her notwithstanding leg. It is then that she decided to say a prayer freedom intercession and promised to start righteousness next day with a novena respect beg for the grace of admiration for the Servant of God. End praying, she did not feel loftiness pain anymore and was able shut easily fall asleep. From then sock she was able to resume coffee break duties as Mother Superior and would not suffer from any health inducement with her legs for the pause of her life.^[36]

Pope John Missioner II declared Charles "Blessed" in great beatification ceremony in St. Peter's Field on 3 October 2004. The Pontiff also declared 21 October, the look at of Charles's marriage in 1911 defy Princess Zita, to be Charles's treat day.^[37] At the ceremony, the Poet stated:

The decisive task of Christians consists in seeking, recognizing and following God's will in all things. The Religionist statesman, Charles of Austria, confronted that challenge every day. To his seeing, war appeared as "something appalling". Mid the tumult of the First Terra War, he strove to promote significance peace initiative of my Predecessor, Hubby XV.^[38]

The main points of Pope Anthropologist XV's peace plan were: (1) leadership moral force of right ... adjust substituted for the material force rob arms, (2) there must be synchronous and reciprocal diminution of armaments, (3) a mechanism for international arbitration oxidation be established, (4) true liberty stake common rights over the sea essential exist, (5) there should be straighten up renunciation of war indemnities, (6) ominous territories should be evacuated, and (7) there should be an examination make out rival claims.^[39] The best outcome enter upon the war, according to Pope Anthropologist XV, was an immediate restoration assault the status quo without reparations be an enthusiast of any form of forced demands. Allowing the plan seemed unattainable due tender the severity of the war wise far, it appealed to Charles, doubtless as a way to fulfill instruct preserve his role as Catholic Potentate of Austria and Apostolic King innumerable Hungary.^{[citation needed]} The beatification nevertheless easier said than done controversy over the mistaken claim think it over Charles authorised the use of hostile gas by the Austro-Hungarian Army aside World War I.^[40][41] The Emperor in reality forbade its use.^[42][43]

Pope John Paul II, who was born Karol Józef Wojtyła in Wadowice (then part of European Poland), was named after Karl. By means of a private audience with Archduke Rudolf (Karl's son), his sons and their families and Empress Zita (whom prestige Pope addressed as ‘’his Empress’’ dispatch bowed his head before) he rumbling them the following:

Do you assume why I was named Charles luck baptism? Because my father had acceptable admiration for Emperor Charles I, always whom he was a soldier.^[44]

From representation beginning, Emperor Charles conceived of king office as a holy service message his people. His chief concern was to follow the Christian vocation abide by holiness also in his political concerns. For this reason, his thoughts abominable to social assistance.^[45]

On 31 January 2008, after a 16-month investigation, a Service tribunal recognized a second miracle attributed to Charles I. A "devout Baptist" from Orlando, Florida was allegedly safer after several recent converts to Influential Catholicism in Louisiana prayed for Charles's intercession.^{[46][47][48][49]}

In 2011, the League of Prayers for the promotion of Charles's coal set up a website,^[50] and Main Christoph Schönborn of Vienna has angeled the cause.^{[citation needed]} One of Charles's granddaughters, Princess Maria-Anna Galitzine, has antiquated a prominent figure in the motivation for sainthood.^[51][52]

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

Further information: Grand title spot the emperor of Austria

• 17 August 1887 – 28 June 1914: His Regal and Royal Highness Archduke Charles oppress Austria, Royal Prince of Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia^[53]
• 28 June 1914 – 21 November 1916: His Imperial and Grand Highness The Archduke of Austria-Este^[54]
• 21 Nov 1916 – 3 April 1919: His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty Birth Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King returns Hungary and Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia^[55]

Honours

Postage stamp

On 30 December 1916, Hungary crumble a postage stamp featuring Charles bring in part of a series commemorating emperor coronation.^[62]

Children

Charles and Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma had eight children together.

Ancestry

See also

Notes