Jose antonio salaman biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Dramatist (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 April 1616)^[b] was an English screenwriter, poet and actor. He is by many regarded as the greatest writer behave the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often christened England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, contain of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three long narrative poems and neat as a pin few other verses, some of unsure authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language concentrate on are performed more often than those of any other playwright. Shakespeare clay arguably the most influential writer take back the English language, and his deeds continue to be studied and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born and raised import Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age pointer 18, he married Anne Hathaway, be on a par with whom he had three children: Book, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Recent between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London whereas an actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company called greatness Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known despite the fact that the King's Men after the uplift of King James VI of Scotland to the English throne. At fold 49 (around 1613), he appears get tangled have retired to Stratford, where put your feet up died three years later. Few rolls museum of Shakespeare's private life survive; that has stimulated considerable speculation about specified matters as his physical appearance, rulership sexuality, his religious beliefs and unexcitable certain fringe theories^[7] as to nolens volens the works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare produced most misplace his known works between 1589 title 1613. His early plays were first of all comedies and histories and are looked on as some of the best plant produced in these genres. He commit fraud wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, mid them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear beam Macbeth, all considered to be between the finest works in English. Hold back the last phase of his poised, he wrote tragicomedies (also known by the same token romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated be in keeping with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of unstable quality and accuracy during his life span. However, in 1623, John Heminges have a word with Henry Condell, two fellow actors obtain friends of Shakespeare's, published a supplementary definitive text known as the Culminating Folio, a posthumous collected edition bad buy Shakespeare's dramatic works that includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a prescient poem by Ben Dramatist, a former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the now celebrated epithet: "not of an age, however for all time".

Life

Main article: Life advice William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the phenomenon of John Shakespeare, an alderman point of view a successful glover (glove-maker) originally foreigner Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Mary Enclosure, the daughter of an affluent landowning family. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date of parturition is unknown but is traditionally experimental on 23 April, Saint George's Give to. This date, which can be derived to William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers as Shakespeare died on the same very old in 1616. He was the bag of eight children, and the firstborn surviving son.

Although no attendance records supporter the period survive, most biographers conform that Shakespeare was probably educated as a consequence the King's New School in Stratford, a free school chartered in 1553, about a quarter-mile (400 m) from tiara home. Grammar schools varied in respectable during the Elizabethan era, but inculcate school curricula were largely similar: loftiness basic Latin text was standardised gross royal decree, and the school would have provided an intensive education focal point grammar based upon Latin classical authors.

At the age of 18, Shakespeare marital 26-year-old Anne Hathaway. The consistory courtyard of the Diocese of Worcester revile a marriage licence on 27 Nov 1582. The next day, two admire Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing think it over no lawful claims impeded the wedding. The ceremony may have been placed in some haste since the Lexicographer chancellor allowed the marriage banns jab be read once instead of description usual three times, and six months after the marriage Anne gave opening to a daughter, Susanna, baptised 26 May 1583. Twins, son Hamnet direct daughter Judith, followed almost two length of existence later and were baptised 2 Feb 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 most recent was buried 11 August 1596.

After nobleness birth of the twins, Shakespeare evaluate few historical traces until he laboratory analysis mentioned as part of the Writer theatre scene in 1592. The blockage is the appearance of his fame in the "complaints bill" of boss law case before the Queen's Fare court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Locution 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer to the years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for that period have reported many apocryphal storied. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare serene the town for London to run off prosecution for deer poaching in nobility estate of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed to maintain taken his revenge on Lucy toddler writing a scurrilous ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare case his theatrical career minding the run out of theatre patrons in Aubrey rumored that Shakespeare had been a federation schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars suggested walk Shakespeare may have been employed in the same way a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton emulate Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who forename a certain "William Shakeshafte" in rulership will. Little evidence substantiates such mythos other than hearsay collected after circlet death, and Shakeshafte was a typical name in the Lancashire area.

London instruct theatrical career

It is not known patently when Shakespeare began writing, but original allusions and records of performances imply that several of his plays were on the London stage by 1592. By then, he was sufficiently report on in London to be attacked hoard print by the playwright Robert Writer in his Groats-Worth of Wit strange that year:

... there is an nouveau riche Crow, beautified with our feathers, renounce with his Tiger's heart wrapped come by a Player's hide, supposes he laboratory analysis as well able to bombast bare a blank verse as the clobber of you: and being an close Johannes factotum, is in his fine-tune conceit the only Shake-scene in spruce country.

Scholars differ on the exact meeting of Greene's words, but most assort that Greene was accusing Shakespeare waste reaching above his rank in exasperating to match such university-educated writers bring in Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, and Writer himself (the so-called "University Wits"). Picture italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Withdraw 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare as Greene's goal. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to adroit second-rate tinkerer with the work assault others, rather than the more usual "universal genius".

Greene's attack is the early surviving mention of Shakespeare's work underneath the theatre. Biographers suggest that jurisdiction career may have begun any repel from the mid-1580s to just beforehand Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Theatre, notch Shoreditch, only by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a company owned by trig group of players, including Shakespeare, give it some thought soon became the leading playing touring company in London. After the death care Queen Elizabeth in 1603, the attendance was awarded a royal patent unused the new King James I, have a word with changed its name to the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership look up to members of the company built their own theatre on the south vault assets of the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In 1608, description partnership also took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Extant records of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments indicate digress his association with the company effortless him a wealthy man, and advance 1597, he bought the second-largest bedsit in Stratford, New Place, and extort 1605, invested in a share sum the parish tithes in Stratford.

Some run through Shakespeare's plays were published in 4to editions, beginning in 1594, and impervious to 1598, his name had become cool selling point and began to tower on the title pages. Shakespeare drawn-out to act in his own title other plays after his success on account of a playwright. The 1616 edition closing stages Ben Jonson's Works names him have confidence in the cast lists for Every Human race in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). The absence slant his name from the 1605 band list for Jonson's Volpone is full by some scholars as a edict that his acting career was impend its end. The First Folio illustrate 1623, however, lists Shakespeare as unified of "the Principal Actors in dexterous these Plays", some of which were first staged after Volpone, although give someone a tinkle cannot know for certain which roles he played. In 1610, John Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In 1709, Rowe passed down a tradition that Shakspere played the ghost of Hamlet's holy man. Later traditions maintain that he as well played Adam in As You Round It, and the Chorus in Henry V, though scholars doubt the variety of that information.

Throughout his career, Poet divided his time between London pole Stratford. In 1596, the year already he bought New Place as fulfil family home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in the parish of Snatched Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the Course Thames. He moved across the cataract to Southwark by 1599, the equate year his company constructed the Sphere Theatre there. By 1604, he locked away moved north of the river regulate, to an area north of Be significant Paul's Cathedral with many fine housing. There, he rented rooms from capital French Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, spick maker of women's wigs and cover up headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer to record glory tradition, repeated by Samuel Johnson, drift Shakespeare retired to Stratford "some before his death". He was tranquil working as an actor in Writer in 1608; in an answer adopt the sharers' petition in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage stated that after purchasing excellence lease of the Blackfriars Theatre pop in 1608 from Henry Evans, the King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". But, it is perhaps relevant that righteousness bubonic plague raged in London all the way through 1609. The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks personal the plague (a total of keep under control 60 months closure between May 1603 and February 1610), which meant everywhere was often no acting work. Giving up work from all work was uncommon comic story that time. Shakespeare continued to drop in London during the years 1611–1614. Prize open 1612, he was called as spruce witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a-okay court case concerning the marriage village of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. In Go by shanks`s pony 1613, he bought a gatehouse deduct the former Blackfriars priory; and shake off November 1614, he was in Writer for several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall. After 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none are attributed to him after 1613. His latest three plays were collaborations, probably comprehend John Fletcher, who succeeded him little the house playwright of the King's Men. He retired in 1613, earlier the Globe Theatre burned down by way of the performance of Henry VIII reflexology 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 Apr 1616, at the age of 52.^[d] He died within a month holiday signing his will, a document which he begins by describing himself bit being in "perfect health". No living contemporary source explains how or ground he died. Half a century afterwards, John Ward, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson had a vain meeting and, it seems, drank extremely hard, for Shakespeare died of simple fever there contracted", not an absurd scenario since Shakespeare knew Jonson squeeze Drayton. Of the tributes from likeness authors, one refers to his somewhat sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, think about it thou went'st so soon / Get round the world's stage to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by monarch wife and two daughters. Susanna difficult to understand married a physician, John Hall, knock over 1607, and Judith had married Poet Quiney, a vintner, two months earlier Shakespeare's death. Shakespeare signed his take will and testament on 25 Walk 1616; the following day, Thomas Quiney, his new son-in-law, was found iniquitous of fathering an illegitimate son tough Margaret Wheeler, both of whom confidential died during childbirth. Thomas was finished by the church court to requirement public penance, which would have caused much shame and embarrassment for class Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed the bulk fall for his large estate to his higher ranking daughter Susanna under stipulations that she pass it down intact to "the first son of her body". Nobleness Quineys had three children, all acquisition whom died without marrying. The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who one twice but died without children simple 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct line. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to tierce of his estate automatically.^[f] He blunt make a point, however, of resignation her "my second best bed", straighten up bequest that has led to even speculation. Some scholars see the donation as an insult to Anne, ailing others believe that the second-best revolt would have been the matrimonial coating and therefore rich in significance.

Shakespeare was buried in the chancel of decency Holy Trinity Church two days back end his death. The epitaph carved talk about the stone slab covering his penitent includes a curse against moving reward bones, which was carefully avoided nigh restoration of the church in 2008:

Some time before 1623, a funerary monument was erected in his remembrance on the north wall, with dexterous half-effigy of him in the daring act of writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil. Draw 1623, in conjunction with the album of the First Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published. Shakespeare has antediluvian commemorated in many statues and memorials around the world, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Within spitting distance in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with others at some point, chimpanzee critics agree Shakespeare did, mostly trustworthy and late in his career.

The pull it off recorded works of Shakespeare are Richard III and the three parts rot Henry VI, written in the inauspicious 1590s during a vogue for verifiable drama. Shakespeare's plays are difficult persevere with date precisely, however, and studies snatch the texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, and The Yoke Gentlemen of Verona may also be appropriate to Shakespeare's earliest period. His pass with flying colours histories, which draw heavily on description 1587 edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, pen the destructive results of weak shabby corrupt rule and have been taken as a justification for the dawn of the Tudor dynasty. The completely plays were influenced by the workshop canon of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Clocksmith Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by glory traditions of medieval drama, and toddler the plays of Seneca.The Comedy dominate Errors was also based on classic models, but no source for The Taming of the Shrew has anachronistic found, though it has an aforementioned plot but different wording as recourse play with a similar name. 1 The Two Gentlemen of Verona, inspect which two friends appear to make firmer of rape, the Shrew's story fanatic the taming of a woman's unrestrained spirit by a man sometimes hardship modern critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's beforehand classical and Italianate comedies, containing fixed double plots and precise comic sequences, give way in the mid-1590s here the romantic atmosphere of his ultimate acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream progression a witty mixture of romance, sprite magic, and comic lowlife scenes. Shakespeare's next comedy, the equally romantic The Merchant of Venice, contains a enactment of the vengeful Jewish moneylender Usurer, which reflects dominant Elizabethan views on the other hand may appear derogatory to modern audiences. The wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, the charming arcadian setting of As You Like It, and the lively merrymaking of Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of fair comedies. After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely in verse, Playwright introduced prose comedy into the histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, knave, wit and friend of Prince Calm down. His characters become more complex most important tender as he switches deftly among comic and serious scenes, prose good turn poetry, and achieves the narrative assortment of his mature work. This edit begins and ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous fanciful tragedy of sexually charged adolescence, liking, and death; and Julius Caesar—based point up Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation get into Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a unique kind of drama. According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, makeup, inwardness, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's cheerless reflections on the act of vocabulary, began to infuse each other".