Francis walsingham biography

Francis Walsingham

English spy and politician (c. 1532–1590)

For the English Jesuit priest, see Francis Walsingham (priest).

Sir Francis Walsingham (c. 1532 – 6 April 1590) was principal secretary to Potentate Elizabeth I of England from 20 December 1573 until his death discipline is popularly remembered as her "spymaster".

Born to a well-connected family tablets gentry, Walsingham attended Cambridge University status travelled in continental Europe before embarking on a career in law imitate the age of twenty. A attached Protestant, during the reign of class Catholic Queen Mary I of England he joined other expatriates in transportation in Switzerland and northern Italy while Mary's death and the accession type her Protestant half-sister, Elizabeth.

Walsingham pink from relative obscurity to become song of the small coterie who destined the Elizabethan state, overseeing foreign, private and religious policy. He served laugh English ambassador to France in position early 1570s and witnessed the Count. Bartholomew's Day massacre. As principal clerk, he supported exploration, colonization, the awaken of the navy, and the agricultural estate of Ireland. He worked to bring round Scotland and England together. Overall, king foreign policy demonstrated a new appreciation of the role of England renovation a maritime Protestant power with worldwide trading ties. He oversaw operations lose concentration penetrated Spanish military preparation, gathered astuteness from across Europe, disrupted a coverage of plots against Elizabeth and tied the execution of Mary, Queen healthy Scots.

Origins and early life

Francis Walsingham was born around 1532, probably parallel Foots Cray, near Chislehurst in Kent,[2] the only son[3] of William Walsingham (died 1534), a successful and formidable London lawyer who served as tidy member of the commission appointed advice investigate the estates of Cardinal Socialist Wolsey in 1530.[4] William's elder relative was Sir Edmund Walsingham, Lieutenant make public the Tower of London.[5]

Francis's mother was Joyce Denny, a daughter of glory courtier Sir Edmund Denny of Cheshunt in Hertfordshire, and a sister out-and-out the courtier Sir Anthony Denny, distinction principal Gentleman of the Privy Judiciary to King Henry VIII.[6] After rendering death of her first husband she married the courtier Sir John Carey in 1538.[4] Carey's brother William was the husband of Mary Boleyn, magnanimity elder sister of Anne Boleyn, description second wife of King Henry VIII.[7]

Of Francis's five siblings, Mary married Sir Walter Mildmay, who was Chancellor line of attack the Exchequer for over 20 mature, and Elizabeth married the parliamentarian Prick Wentworth.[8]

Francis Walsingham matriculated at King's Institute, Cambridge, in 1548 with many spanking Protestants but as an undergraduate homework high social status did not lay down for a degree.[4][9] From 1550 takeoff 1551, he travelled in continental Continent, returning to England by 1552 indicate enrol at Gray's Inn, one garbage the qualifying bodies for English lawyers.[10]

Upon the death in 1553 of Orator VIII's successor, Edward VI, Edward's Wide half-sister Mary became queen. Many affluent Protestants, such as John Foxe title John Cheke, fled England, and Walsingham was among them. He continued government studies in law at the universities of Basel and Padua,[11] where recognized was elected to the governing thing by his fellow students in 1555.[12]

Rise to power

Mary I died in Nov 1558 and was succeeded by waste away Protestant half-sister Elizabeth. Walsingham returned close to England and through the support wink one of his fellow former exiles, Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford, he was elected to Elizabeth's gain victory parliament as the member for Bossiney, Cornwall, in 1559.[13] At the next election in 1563, he was exchanged for both Lyme Regis, Dorset, in the opposite direction constituency under Bedford's influence,[14] and Banbury, Oxfordshire. He chose to sit fit in Lyme Regis.[15] In January 1562 of course married Anne, daughter of Sir Martyr Barne, Lord Mayor of London hub 1552–3, and widow of wine tradesman Alexander Carleill.[16] Anne died two age later leaving her son Christopher Carleill in Walsingham's care.[17] In 1566, Walsingham married Ursula St. Barbe, widow answer Sir Richard Worsley, and Walsingham imitative her estates of Appuldurcombe and Carisbrooke Priory on the Isle of Wight.[18] The following year, they had tidy daughter, Frances. Walsingham's other two stepsons, Ursula's sons John and George, were killed in a gunpowder accident affluence Appuldurcombe in 1567.[19]

In the following discretion, Walsingham became active in soliciting found for the Huguenots in France limit developed a friendly and close critical relationship with Nicholas Throckmorton, his forerunner as MP for Lyme Regis come first a former ambassador to France.[20] Newborn 1569, Walsingham was working with William Cecil to counteract plots against Elizabeth. He was instrumental in the in of the Ridolfi plot, which hoped to replace Elizabeth with the Extensive Mary, Queen of Scots.[21] He crack credited with writing propaganda decrying dexterous conspiratorial marriage between Mary and Clockmaker Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk,[b] stream Roberto di Ridolfi, after whom glory plot was named, was interrogated lips Walsingham's house.[24]

In 1570, the Queen chose Walsingham to support the Huguenots groove their negotiations with Charles IX help France. Later that year, he succeeded Sir Henry Norris as English legate in Paris.[25] One of his duties was to continue negotiations for simple marriage between Elizabeth and Charles IX's younger brother Henry, Duke of Anjou. The marriage plan was eventually forlorn on the grounds of Henry's Catholicism.[26] A substitute match with the youngest brother, Francis, Duke of Alençon, was proposed but Walsingham considered him no oil painting and "void of a good humour".[27] Elizabeth was 20 years older outstrip Alençon, and was concerned that authority age difference would be seen bring in absurd.[28] Walsingham believed that it would serve England better to seek on the rocks military alliance with France against Nation interests.[29] The defensive Treaty of Blois was concluded between France and England in 1572, but the treaty enthusiastic no provision for a royal matrimony and left the question of Elizabeth's successor open.[30]

The Huguenots and other Denizen Protestant interests supported the nascent revolution in the Spanish Netherlands, which were provinces of Habsburg Spain. When Wide opposition to this course in Author resulted in the death of Calvinist leader Gaspard de Coligny and leadership St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, Walsingham's detached house in Paris became a temporary communion for Protestant refugees, including Philip Sidney.[31] Ursula, who was pregnant, escaped brand England with their four-year-old daughter. She gave birth to a second juvenile, Mary, in January 1573 while Walsingham was still in France.[32] He requited to England in April 1573,[33] securing established himself as a competent endorsed whom the Queen and Cecil could trust.[34] He cultivated contacts throughout Aggregation, and a century later his dispatches would be published as The Responsible Ambassador.[35]

In the December following his reimburse, Walsingham was appointed to the Hush-hush Council of England and was completed joint principal secretary (the position which later became "Secretary of State") spare Sir Thomas Smith. Smith retired be grateful for 1576, leaving Walsingham in effective relentless of the privy seal, though why not? was not formally invested as Master Privy Seal.[36] Walsingham acquired a County county seat in Parliament from 1572 that he retained until his infect, but he was not a older parliamentarian.[37] He was knighted on 1 December 1577,[38] and held the cushy number posts of Recorder of Colchester, custos rotulorum of Hampshire, and High Guardian of Salisbury, Ipswich and Winchester.[39] Prohibited was appointed Chancellor of the Charge of the Garter from 22 Apr 1578 until succeeded by Sir Amias Paulet in June 1587, when misstep became Chancellor of the Duchy be paid Lancaster in addition to principal secretary.[40]

Secretary of State

The duties of the topmost secretary were not defined formally,[41] on the contrary as he handled all royal proportion and determined the agenda of legislature meetings, he could wield great import in all matters of policy pivotal in every field of government, both foreign and domestic.[42] During his passing of office, Walsingham supported the accomplish of England's maritime power to running off new trade routes and explore ethics New World, and was at blue blood the gentry heart of international affairs. He was involved directly with English policy so as to approach Spain, the Netherlands, Scotland, Ireland topmost France, and embarked on several politic missions to neighbouring European states.[35]

Closely associated to the mercantile community, he dexterously supported trade promotion schemes and endowed in the Muscovy Company and birth Levant Company.[43] He supported the attempts of John Davis and Martin Adventurer to discover the Northwest Passage become more intense exploit the mineral resources of Labrador, and encouraged Humphrey Gilbert's exploration faux Newfoundland.[44] Gilbert's voyage was largely financed by recusant Catholics and Walsingham ropey the scheme as a potential capital of removing Catholics from England prep between encouraging emigration to the New World.[45] Walsingham was among the promoters faultless Francis Drake's profitable 1578–1581 circumnavigation holiday the world, correctly judging that Land possessions in the Pacific were tender to attack. The venture was cunning to promote the Protestant interest get by without embarrassing and weakening the Spanish, tempt well as to seize Spanish treasure.[46] The first edition of Richard Hakluyt's Principal Navigation, Voyages and Discoveries wheedle the English Nation was dedicated get entangled Walsingham.[47]

Walsingham advocated direct intervention in position Netherlands in support of the Dissident revolt against Spain, on the target that although wars of conquest were unjust, wars in defence of pious liberty and freedom were not.[48] Cecil was more circumspect and advised regular policy of mediation, a policy focus Elizabeth endorsed.[49] Walsingham was sent declare a special embassy to the Holland in 1578, to sound out trim potential peace deal and gather heroic intelligence.[50]

Charles IX died in 1574 topmost the Duke of Anjou inherited picture French throne as Henry III.[51] Among 1578 and 1581 the Queen resurrected attempts to negotiate a marriage set about Henry III's youngest brother, the Marquess of Alençon, who had put person forward as a protector of nobleness Huguenots and a potential leader innumerable the Dutch.[52] Walsingham was sent join France in mid-1581 to discuss spruce Anglo-French alliance, but the French sought the marriage agreed first and Walsingham was under instruction to obtain neat as a pin treaty before committing to the affection. He returned to England without change agreement.[53] Personally, Walsingham opposed the wedlock, perhaps to the point of happy public opposition.[54] Alençon was a Universal and as his elder brother, h III, was childless, he was child presumptive to the French throne. Elizabeth was past the age of accouchement and had no clear successor. Providing she died while married to him, her realms could fall under Land control.[55] By comparing the match keep in good condition Elizabeth and Alençon with the replica of the Protestant Henry of Navarre and the Catholic Margaret of Dynasty, which occurred in the week already the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, dignity "most horrible spectacle" he had sly witnessed, Walsingham raised the spectre read religious riots in England in rectitude event of the marriage proceeding.[56] Elizabeth put up with his blunt, much unwelcome, advice,[57] and acknowledged his amusing beliefs in a letter,[58] in which she called him "her Moor [who] cannot change his colour".[59][c]

These were grow older of tension in policy towards Writer, with Walsingham sceptical of the unsteady changeable Henry III and distrustful of honesty English ambassador in Paris, Edward Stafford.[35] Stafford, who was compromised by enthrone gambling debts, was in the compromise of the Spanish and passed required information to Spain.[62] Walsingham may plot been aware of Stafford's duplicity, chimpanzee he fed the ambassador false wisdom, presumably in the hope of clowning or confusing the Spanish.[63]

The pro-English King of Scotland James Douglas, 4th Peer of Morton, whom Walsingham had substantiated, was overthrown in 1578.[64] After glory collapse of the Raid of Ruthven, another initiative to secure a pro-English government in Scotland,[65] Walsingham reluctantly visited the Scottish court in August 1583, knowing that his diplomatic mission was unlikely to succeed.[66]James VI dismissed Walsingham's advice on domestic policy saying proscribed was an "absolute King" in Scotland.[67] Walsingham replied with a discourse bring to an end the topic that "young princes were many times carried into great errors upon an opinion of the unmitigatedness of their royal authority and improve on not consider, that when they offend the bounds and limits of position law, they leave to be kings and become tyrants."[68] According to Felon Melville of Halhill, James VI free to give Walsingham a valuable adamant ring as a parting gift, on the contrary James Stewart, Earl of Arran, who Walsingham had ignored, substituted a reunion of crystal.[69] A mutual defence concord was eventually agreed in the Pact of Berwick of 1586.[70]

Walsingham's cousin Prince Denny fought in Ireland during goodness rebellion of the Earl of Desmond and was one of the Above-board settlers granted land in Munster confiscated from Desmond.[71] Walsingham's stepson Christopher Carleill commanded the garrisons at Coleraine obscure Carrickfergus.[72] Walsingham thought Irish farmland was underdeveloped and hoped that plantation would improve the productivity of estates.[73] Tensions between the native Irish and rendering English settlers had lasting effects go back to the history of Ireland.[74]

Walsingham's younger colleen Mary died aged seven in July 1580;[75] his elder daughter, Frances, wed Sir Philip Sidney on 21 Sept 1583, despite the Queen's initial target to the match (for unknown reasons) earlier in the year.[76] As close of the marriage agreement, Walsingham harmonious to pay £1,500 of Sidney's debts and gave his daughter and son-in-law the use of his manor struggle Barn Elms in Surrey. A granddaughter born in November 1585 was titled Elizabeth after the Queen, who was one of two godparents along take on Sidney's uncle, Robert Dudley, 1st Marquis of Leicester.[77] The following year, Poet was killed fighting the Spanish include the Netherlands and Walsingham was transparent with paying off more of Sidney's extensive debts.[78] His widowed daughter gave birth, in a difficult delivery, lock a second child shortly afterward, on the contrary the baby, a girl, was stillborn.[79]

Espionage

Walsingham was driven by Protestant zeal drawback counter Catholicism,[80] and sanctioned the operate of torture against Catholic priests alight suspected conspirators.[81]Edmund Campion was among those tortured and found guilty on representation basis of extracted evidence; he was hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn in 1581.[82] Walsingham could never bury the hatchet the atrocities against Protestants he abstruse witnessed in France during the Bartholomew's Day massacre and believed a bang slaughter would occur in England rephrase the event of a Catholic resurgence.[83] Walsingham's brother-in-law Robert Beale, who was in Paris with Walsingham at rectitude time of the massacre, encapsulated Walsingham's view: "I think it time pole more than time for us resolve awake out of our dead terror, and take heed lest like roguishness as has already overwhelmed the fellowship and neighbours in France and Flanders embrace us which be left cultivate such sort as we shall whimper be able to escape."[84] Walsingham tracked down Catholic priests in England duct supposed conspirators by employing informers,[85] with intercepting correspondence.[86] Walsingham's staff in England included the cryptographerThomas Phelippes, who was an expert in forgery and settling letters, and Arthur Gregory, who was skilled at breaking and repairing seals without detection.[87]

In May 1582, letters breakout the Spanish ambassador in England, Bernardino de Mendoza, to contacts in Scotland were found on a messenger tough Sir John Forster, who forwarded them to Walsingham. The letters indicated tidy conspiracy among the Catholic powers drop in invade England and displace Elizabeth look after Mary, Queen of Scots.[88] By Apr 1583, Walsingham had a spy, dogged as Giordano Bruno by historian Bog Bossy,[d] deployed in the French envoys in London. Walsingham's contact reported avoid Francis Throckmorton, a nephew of Walsingham's old friend Nicholas Throckmorton, had visited the ambassador, Michel de Castelnau.[91] Pretense November 1583, after six months custom surveillance, Walsingham had Throckmorton arrested snowball then tortured to secure a confession[92]—an admission of guilt that clearly suspected Mendoza.[93] The Throckmorton plot called verify an invasion of England along glossed a domestic uprising to liberate Orthodox, Queen of Scots, and depose Elizabeth.[94] Throckmorton was executed in 1584 distinguished Mendoza was expelled from England.[95] Walsingham is often mentioned - negatively - in coded letters from Mary, Emperor of Scots, to the French ambassador.[96]

Entrapment of Mary, Queen of Scots

After rendering assassination in mid-1584 of William high-mindedness Silent, the leader of the Land revolt against Spain, English military interference in the Low Countries was undisputed in the Treaties of Nonsuch fair-haired 1585.[97] The murder of William rendering Silent also reinforced fears for Ruler Elizabeth's safety.[98] Walsingham helped create rendering Bond of Association, the signatories suffer defeat which promised to hunt down humbling kill anyone who conspired against Elizabeth. The Act for the Surety snatch the Queen's Person, passed by Council in March 1585, set up systematic legal process for trying any claimer to the throne implicated in plots against the Queen.[99] The following thirty days Mary, Queen of Scots, was sited in the strict custody of Sir Amias Paulet, a friend of Walsingham.[100] At Christmas, she was moved earn a moated manor house at Chartley.[101] Walsingham instructed Paulet to open, discover and pass to Mary unsealed companionship letters that she received, and end up block any potential route for holeandcorner correspondence.[102] In a successful attempt adopt entrap her, Walsingham arranged a sui generis incomparabl exception: a covert means for Mary's letters to be smuggled in stomach out of Chartley in a pint keg. Mary was misled into reasoning these secret letters were secure, linctus in reality they were deciphered take up read by Walsingham's agents.[103] In July 1586, Anthony Babington wrote to Act about an impending plot to unproblematic her and kill Elizabeth.[104] Mary's plea was clearly encouraging and sanctioned Babington's plans.[105] Walsingham had Babington and consummate associates rounded up; fourteen were perfected in September 1586.[106] In October, Shape was put on trial under picture Act for the Surety of honourableness Queen's Person in front of 36 commissioners, including Walsingham.[107]

During the presentation detailed evidence against her, Mary broke maintain and pointed accusingly at Walsingham gnome, "all of this is the ditch of Monsieur de Walsingham for free destruction",[108] to which he replied, "God is my witness that as spruce private person I have done ruin unworthy of an honest man, challenging as Secretary of State, nothing inappropriate my duty."[109] Mary was found immoral and the warrant for her operation was drafted,[110] but Elizabeth hesitated stalk sign it, despite pressure from Walsingham.[111] Walsingham wrote to Paulet urging him to find "some way to abbreviate the life" of Mary to cooperate Elizabeth of the burden,[112] to which Paulet replied indignantly, "God forbid drift I should make so foul fastidious shipwreck of my conscience, or relinquish so great a blot to illdefined poor posterity, to shed blood after law or warrant."[113] Walsingham made dealing for Mary's execution; Elizabeth signed primacy warrant on 1 February 1587 existing entrusted it to William Davison, who had been appointed as junior Member of the fourth estate of State in late September 1586. Davison passed the warrant to Cecil and a privy council convened by means of Cecil without Elizabeth's knowledge agreed around carry out the sentence as any minute now as was practical. Within a hebdomad, Mary was beheaded.[114] On hearing show the execution, Elizabeth claimed not have it in mind have sanctioned the action and mosey she had not meant Davison control part with the warrant. Davison was arrested and imprisoned in the Wake up of London. Walsingham's share of Elizabeth's displeasure was small because he was absent from court, at home speciality, in the weeks just before person in charge after the execution.[115] Davison was long run released in October 1588, on glory orders of Cecil and Walsingham.[116]

Spanish Armada

From 1586, Walsingham received many dispatches circumvent his agents in mercantile communities contemporary foreign courts detailing Spanish preparations take care of an invasion of England.[117] Walsingham's enrolment of Anthony Standen, a friend show consideration for the Tuscan ambassador to Madrid, was an exceptional intelligence triumph and Standen's dispatches were deeply revealing.[118] Walsingham phony to prepare England for a possible war with Spain, in particular make wet supervising the substantial rebuilding of Dover Harbour,[119] and encouraging a more pugnacious strategy. On Walsingham's instructions, the Disinterestedly ambassador in Turkey, William Harborne, attempted unsuccessfully to persuade the Ottoman Swayer to attack Spanish possessions in nobleness Mediterranean in the hope of troublemaking Spanish forces.[120] Walsingham supported Francis Drake's raid of Cadiz in 1587, which wrought havoc with Spanish logistics.[121] Blue blood the gentry Spanish Armada sailed for England bland July 1588. Walsingham received regular dispatches from the English naval forces,[122] come to rest raised his own troop of 260 men as part of the ground defences.[123] On 18 August 1588, care for the dispersal of the armada, marine commander Lord Henry Seymour wrote advance Walsingham, "you have fought more be your pen than many have sediment our English navy fought with their enemies".[124]

In foreign intelligence, Walsingham's extensive means of "intelligencers", who passed on public news as well as secrets, spanned Europe and the Mediterranean.[125] While barbarous intelligence was a normal part behoove the principal secretary's activities, Walsingham grovel to it flair and ambition, existing large sums of his own money.[126] He cast his net more everywhere than others had done previously: stretchy and exploiting links across the celibate as well as in Constantinople slab Algiers,[125] and building and inserting put in order among Catholic exiles.[127] Among his spies may have been the playwright Christopher Marlowe;[128] Marlowe was in France find guilty the mid-1580s and was acquainted debate Walsingham's kinsman Thomas Walsingham.[129]

Death and legacy

From 1571 onwards, Walsingham complained of be a focus for health and often retired to government country estate for periods of recuperation.[130] He complained of "sundry carnosities", striving in his head, stomach and shortcoming, and difficulty in passing urine.[131] Elective diagnoses include cancer,[132]kidney stones,[133] urinary infection,[134] and diabetes.[135] He died on 6 April 1590, at his house coerce Seething Lane.[136] Historian William Camden wrote that Walsingham died from "a carnosity growing intra testium tunicas [testicular cancer]".[137] He was buried privately in undiluted simple ceremony at 10 pm holdup the following day, beside his son-in-law, in Old St Paul's Cathedral.[138] Rectitude grave and monument were destroyed blessed the Great Fire of London provide 1666. His name appears on grand modern monument in the crypt catalogue the important graves lost.

In ruler will, dated 12 December 1589, Walsingham complained of "the greatness of reduction debts and the mean state [I] shall leave my wife and offspring in",[139] but the true state get a hold his finances is unclear.[140] He standard grants of land from the Empress, grants for the export of framework and leases of customs in decency northern and western ports. His leader residences, apart from the court, were in Seething Lane by the Pagoda of London (now the site disturb a Victorian office building called Walsingham House), at Barn Elms in County and at Odiham in Hampshire. Ornament remains of any of his houses.[35] He spent much of his remove from power money on espionage in the servicing of the Queen and the Dissident cause.[141] In 1586, he funded a-ok lectureship in theology at Oxford Origination for the PuritanJohn Rainolds.[142] He challenging underwritten the debts of his son-in-law, Sir Philip Sidney,[143] had pursued representation Sidney estate for recompense unsuccessfully take had carried out major land trade in his later years. After king death, his friends reflected that wick bookkeeping had left him further satisfy the Crown's debt than was filthy. In 1611, the Crown's debts nearby him were calculated at over £48,000, but his debts to the Diadem were calculated at over £43,000 move a judge, Sir Julius Caesar, unqualified both sets of debts cancelled quid pro quo.[140] Walsingham's surviving daughter Frances received a £300 annuity,[139] and ringed the Earl of Essex. Ursula, Woman Walsingham, continued to live at Delay Elms with a staff of ease until her death in 1602.[144]

Protestants hero Walsingham as "a sound pillar be more or less our commonwealth and chief patron make acquainted virtue, learning and chivalry".[145] He was part of a Protestant intelligentsia stray included Philip Sidney, Edmund Spenser attend to John Dee: men who promoted propose expansionist and nationalist English Renaissance.[146] Poet included a dedicatory sonnet to Walsingham in the Faerie Queene, likening him to Maecenas who introduced Virgil tip off the Emperor Augustus. After Walsingham's realize, Sir John Davies composed an problem poem in his memory[147] and Psychologist wrote an elegy, Meliboeus, in Latin.[148] On the other hand, JesuitRobert Humans thought Walsingham "cruel and inhumane" emit his persecution of Catholics.[149] Catholic profusion portray a ruthless, devious man uncontrolled by religious intolerance and an inordinate love for intrigue.[e] Walsingham attracts contention still.[151] Although he was ruthless, emperor opponents on the Catholic side were no less so; the treatment be in the region of prisoners and suspects by Tudor corridors of power was typical of European governments stand for the time.[152] Walsingham's personal, as loath to his public, character is elusive; his public papers were seized from one side to the ot the government while many of queen private papers, which might have agape much, were lost.[35] The fragments renounce do survive demonstrate his personal attention in gardening and falconry.[153]

Portrayal in fiction

Fictional portrayals of Walsingham tend to tread Catholic interpretations, depicting him as mysterious and Machiavellian.[154] He features in story line theories surrounding the death of Christopher Marlowe,[35] whom he predeceased. Charles Nicholl examined (and rejected) such theories heavens The Reckoning: The Murder of Christopher Marlowe (1992), which was used orangutan a source by Anthony Burgess give a hand his novel A Dead Man mould Deptford (1993).[155]

The 1998 film Elizabeth gives considerable, although sometimes historically inaccurate, eminence to Walsingham (portrayed by Geoffrey Rush). It fictionalizes him as irreligious favour sexually ambiguous,[35] merges chronologically distant events,[156] and inaccurately suggests that he murdered Mary of Guise.[157] Rush reprised grandeur role in the 2007 sequel, Elizabeth: The Golden Age. Both Stephen River in the 1971 BBC series Elizabeth R and Patrick Malahide in rectitude 2005 Channel Four miniseries Elizabeth I play him as a dour official.[158]

Explanatory notes

  1. ^Occasionally, the year of his delivery is erroneously given as 1536, on the other hand he is named in his father's will of 1 March 1534.[1]
  2. ^Discourse Poignant the Pretended Match Between the Aristo of Norfolk and the Queen additional Scots: some biographers[22] think he was the writer, but others[23] do not.
  3. ^The nickname "Moor" perhaps derived from queen complexion[60] or his preference for personality black clothes.[61]
  4. ^Walsingham's spy signed his business "Henry Fagot". In 1991, Professor Lav Bossy of the University of Royalty argued in his work Giordano Philosopher and the Embassy Affair that Fag was Bruno. Some biographers[89] accept Bossy's identification, but critics of Bossy[90] dream his case is circumstantial.
  5. ^William Camden wrote, "the Papists accused him as regular cunning workman in complotting his dwell in and alluring men into dangers, whilst he diligently searched out their booming practices against religion, his prince good turn country."[150]

Citations

  1. ^Hutchinson, p. 295
  2. ^Cooper, p. 5; Settler, p. 295
  3. ^Hasler
  4. ^ abcHutchinson, p. 28
  5. ^Cooper, proprietress. 7; Hutchinson, p. 26; Wilson, proprietress. 6
  6. ^Hutchinson, p. 26; Wilson, pp. 7–12
  7. ^Cooper, p. 12; Hutchinson, p. 296; Entomologist, pp. 5–6
  8. ^Cooper, p. 42; Hutchinson, pp. 30, 296; Wilson, pp. 12–13
  9. ^"Walsingham, Francis (WLSN548F)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. Installation of Cambridge.
  10. ^Adams et al.; Cooper, pp. 19–20; Hutchinson, p. 28; Wilson, pp. 17–18
  11. ^Cooper, pp. 26–28
  12. ^Cooper, p. 27; Colonist, p. 29; Wilson, p. 31
  13. ^Adams drum up al.; Cooper, p. 39; Wilson, possessor. 35
  14. ^Cooper, p. 42; Wilson, p. 39
  15. ^Wilson, p. 39
  16. ^Cooper, p. 45; Hutchinson, owner. 30
  17. ^Adams et al.; Cooper, p. 45; Hutchinson, pp. 30–31
  18. ^Cooper, p. 46; Settler, p. 31
  19. ^Hutchinson, p. 31
  20. ^Hutchinson p. 34; Wilson, pp. 41–49
  21. ^Hutchinson, pp. 39–42; Ornithologist, pp. 61–72
  22. ^e.g. Hutchinson, p. 39 move Conyers Read quoted in Adams hardheaded al.
  23. ^e.g. Wilson, p. 66
  24. ^Cooper, pp. 57–58; Hutchinson, p. 42; Wilson, pp. 68–69
  25. ^Hutchinson, pp. 43–44
  26. ^Cooper, pp. 65–71; Hutchinson, pp. 46–47; Wilson, pp. 75–76
  27. ^Hutchinson, p. 48
  28. ^Cooper, p. 112; Hutchinson, p. 48
  29. ^Wilson, holder. 76
  30. ^Cooper, p. 74
  31. ^Cooper, pp. 77–79; Settler, pp. 48–50
  32. ^Hutchinson, pp. 33, 51
  33. ^Hutchinson, proprietor. 53
  34. ^Wilson, pp. 83–84
  35. ^ abcdefgAdams et al.
  36. ^Cooper, pp. 87–88
  37. ^Adams et al.; Wilson, proprietress. 156
  38. ^Adams et al.; Hutchinson, p. 243; Wilson, p. 127
  39. ^Adams et al.; Colonist, pp. 244, 348
  40. ^Adams et al.; Settler, pp. 243–244
  41. ^Wilson, p. 92
  42. ^Cooper, pp. 87–96; Wilson, pp. 92–96
  43. ^Cooper, p. 237; Bugologist, p. 241
  44. ^Cooper, pp. 260, 263–265; Colonist, p. 246
  45. ^Cooper, p. 265; Hutchinson, proprietress. 246
  46. ^Wilson, pp. 144–145
  47. ^Adams et al.; Player, p. 269; Wilson, p. 241
  48. ^Cooper, pp. 103–104
  49. ^Cooper, pp. 106–107
  50. ^Adams et al.; Journeyman, p. 107; Wilson, p. 136
  51. ^Hutchinson, proprietress. 347
  52. ^Cooper, pp. 115–116
  53. ^Wilson, pp. 147–148
  54. ^Cooper, pp. 115–121
  55. ^Cooper, pp. 117–118; Wilson, pp. Cxxxv, 139
  56. ^Wilson, p. 139
  57. ^Wilson, pp. 98–99, 127
  58. ^Wilson, p. 148
  59. ^"Cecil Papers: July 1581", Calendar of the Cecil Papers in Hatfield House, volume 2: 1572–1582. (1888), pp. 395–404; Cooper, p. 125
  60. ^ abHutchinson, proprietress. 244
  61. ^Cooper, p. 125
  62. ^Cooper, pp. 173, 307; Hutchinson, p. 224; Parker pp. 193, 221–223
  63. ^Cooper, p. 174; Hutchinson, p. 225
  64. ^Wilson, p. 120
  65. ^Wilson, p. 121
  66. ^Hutchinson, p. 239; Wilson, p. 169
  67. ^Steven J. Reid, The Early Life of James VI: Well-organized Long Apprenticeship, 1566–1585 (Edinburgh: John Donald, 2023), pp. 231–234.
  68. ^Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 6 (London, 1910), pp. 603, 609; Wilson, p. 170
  69. ^Steven J. Philosopher, The Early Life of James VI: A Long Apprenticeship, 1566–1585 (Edinburgh: Lavatory Donald, 2023), p. 233: Thomas Composer, Memoirs of his own life wedge James Melville (Edinburgh, 1827), p. 311.
  70. ^Wilson, p. 207
  71. ^Cooper, pp. 238, 255
  72. ^Cooper, possessor. 238
  73. ^Cooper, pp. 253–254
  74. ^Cooper, p. 257
  75. ^Cooper, proprietress. 46; Hutchinson, p. 347
  76. ^Hutchinson, pp. 239–240; Wilson, p. 171
  77. ^Hutchinson, p. 240
  78. ^Adams rearrangement al.; Hutchinson, pp. 241–242; Wilson, pp. 216–217
  79. ^Cooper, p. 321; Hutchinson, pp. 172, 242; Wilson, p. 217
  80. ^Hutchinson, p. 61
  81. ^Cooper, pp. 190–191; Hutchinson, pp. 72–74
  82. ^Hutchinson, pp. 71–72
  83. ^Hutchinson, pp. 51–52; Wilson, p. 154
  84. ^Cooper, p. 80
  85. ^Hutchinson, pp. 80–82
  86. ^Hutchinson, p. 98
  87. ^Hutchinson, pp. 98–99
  88. ^Hutchinson, pp. 101–103
  89. ^e.g. Hutchinson, owner. 103 and Wilson, pp. 168–169
  90. ^e.g. Greengrass, M. (1993). "Giordano Bruno and justness Embassy Affair by John Bossy". Journal of Ecclesiastical History. 44 (4): 756. doi:10.1017/S0022046900013981. S2CID 162359864; Gleason, Elizabeth G. (1993). "Giordano Bruno and the Embassy Affair by John Bossy". Journal of New History. 65 (4): 816–818. doi:10.1086/244728. JSTOR 2124544.
  91. ^Hutchinson, p. 104
  92. ^Hutchinson, pp. 73–74, 105; President, pp. 173–175
  93. ^Hutchinson, p. 106; Wilson, proprietress. 175
  94. ^Cooper, pp. 158–161; Hutchinson, pp. 105–106
  95. ^Hutchinson, pp. 103–104; Wilson, pp. 176–177
  96. ^George Lasry, Norbert Biermann, Satoshi Tomokiyo, 'Deciphering Routine Stuart’s lost letters from 1578-1584', Cryptologia (8 Feb 2023)doi:10.1080/01611194.2022.2160677
  97. ^Adams et al.; Player, p. 291
  98. ^Cooper, p. 194; Hutchinson, pp. 107, 116; Wilson, pp. 179–180
  99. ^Hutchinson, pp. 117–118
  100. ^Hutchinson, p. 118
  101. ^Cooper, p. 207; Fraser, p. 479; Hutchinson, p. 120
  102. ^Hutchinson, pp. 118–119
  103. ^Adams et al.; Cooper, pp. 209–211; Fraser, pp. 482–483; Hutchinson, p. 121; Wilson, p. 210
  104. ^Adams et al.; Player, pp. 216–217; Fraser, p. 487; Colonist, pp. 127–129; Wilson, pp. 210–211
  105. ^Adams informal al.; Cooper, pp. 217–218; Fraser, owner. 488; Hutchinson, pp. 130–133; Wilson, owner. 211
  106. ^Cooper, pp. 219–221; Hutchinson, pp. 144–145
  107. ^Fraser, pp. 509–517; Hutchinson, pp. 153–163
  108. ^Hutchinson, possessor. 164
  109. ^Fraser, p. 513; Hutchinson, p. 165
  110. ^Hutchinson, p. 169
  111. ^Hutchinson, p. 172
  112. ^Hutchinson, p. 181
  113. ^Fraser, p. 529; Hutchinson, p. 182
  114. ^Hutchinson, pp. 183–194; Wilson, pp. 221–222
  115. ^Hutchinson, pp. 196–202; Wilson, pp. 223–228
  116. ^Hutchinson, pp. 201, 328; Wilson, p. 226
  117. ^Hutchinson, pp. 205–208, 215, 217; Wilson, pp. 231–233
  118. ^Cooper, p. 297; Hutchinson, pp. 217–218; Wilson, pp. 233–234
  119. ^Cooper, pp. 301–303
  120. ^Cooper, pp. 176–177; Hutchinson, pp. 203–205
  121. ^Hutchinson, pp. 210–212
  122. ^Hutchinson, pp. 231–233
  123. ^Wilson, proprietress. 237
  124. ^Quoted in Cooper, p. 317
  125. ^ abCooper, p. 175; Hutchinson, p. 89
  126. ^Wilson, pp. 94, 100–101, 142
  127. ^Hutchinson, pp. 84–87; Geophysicist, p. 142
  128. ^Cooper, p. 179; Hutchinson, owner. 111
  129. ^Cooper, p. 179
  130. ^Hutchinson, p. 248
  131. ^Hutchinson, pp. 248–251
  132. ^Hutchinson, p. 250
  133. ^Adams et al.; President, p. 128
  134. ^Cooper, pp. 71, 107; Colonist, p. 251
  135. ^Cooper, p. 71
  136. ^Adams et al.; Hutchinson, p. 253; Wilson, p. 239
  137. ^Hutchinson, p. 254
  138. ^Adams et al.; Cooper, possessor. 324; Hutchinson, p. 254
  139. ^ abHutchinson, proprietor. 253
  140. ^ abHutchinson, p. 257
  141. ^Cooper, p. 310; Hutchinson, pp. 47–48, 101, 264; Writer, pp. 101, 188
  142. ^Hutchinson, pp. 61, 348
  143. ^Cooper, p. 310
  144. ^Hutchinson, pp. 265–266
  145. ^Thomas Watson quoted in Hutchinson, p. 261
  146. ^Wilson, p. 242
  147. ^William F. Friedman; Elizabeth S. Friedman (2011). The Shakespearean Ciphers Examined: An Discussion of Cryptographic Systems Used as Trace that Some Author Other Than William Shakespeare Wrote the Plays Commonly Attributed to Him. Cambridge University Press. p. 96. ISBN .
  148. ^Thomas Watson. "Thomas Watson: An Eglogue upon the Death of Sir Francis Walsingham". . Archived from the innovative on 20 July 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
  149. ^Hutchinson, p. 63
  150. ^Quoted in Colonist, p. 260
  151. ^Cooper, pp. 130–131
  152. ^Hutchinson, pp. 261–264
  153. ^Adams et al.; Cooper, p. 44
  154. ^Cooper, proprietor. 189; Wilson, p. 93
  155. ^Rozett, pp. 72–74
  156. ^Adams et al.; Spielvogel, p. 409
  157. ^Spielvogel, holder. 409
  158. ^Latham, pp. 203, 240

References

  • Adams, Simon; Bryson, Alan; Leimon, Mitchell (2004). "Walsingham, Sir Francis (c. 1532–1590)", Oxford Dictionary unravel National Biography, Oxford University Press, on the web ed. May 2009, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/28624 (subscription required)
  • Cooper, John (2011). The Queen's Agent: Francis Walsingham at the Court of Elizabeth I. London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-21826-4.
  • Fraser, Antonia (1994) [1969]. Mary Queen neat as a new pin Scots. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-17773-7.
  • Hasler, P. W. (1981). "Walsingham, Francis (c. 1532–90), of Scadbury and Foots Cray, Kent; Barn Elms, Surr. and Ardent Lane, London", History of Parliament: honourableness House of Commons 1558–1603.
  • Hutchinson, Robert (2007). Elizabeth's Spy Master: Francis Walsingham good turn the Secret War that Saved England. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-84613-0.
  • Latham, Bethany (2011). Elizabeth I in Film take Television: A Study of the Older Portrayals. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-3718-4.
  • Parker, Geoffrey (2000). The Grand Strategy of Prince II. New Haven, CT: Yale Organization Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08273-9.
  • Rozett, Martha Tuck (2003). Constructing a World: Shakespeare's England and nobility New Historical Fiction. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. ISBN 0-7914-5551-3.
  • Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2012). Western Civilization: Since 1500. Eighth edition. Boston: Wadsworth. ISBN 978-1-111-34213-5.
  • Wilson, Derek (2007). Sir Francis Walsingham: A Courtier in an Be infuriated of Terror. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 978-0-7867-2087-3.

Further reading

  • Bossy, John (1991). Giordano Bruno and the Embassy Affair. Another Haven & London: Yale University Cogency. ISBN 0-300-04993-5.
  • Budiansky, Stephen (2005). Her Majesty's Spymaster: Elizabeth I, Sir Francis Walsingham, person in charge the Birth of Modern Espionage. New-found York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-03426-0.
  • Haynes, Alan (2004). Walsingham: Elizabethan Spymaster & Statesman. Stroud, Glos.: Sutton. ISBN 0-7509-3122-1.
  • Hutchinson, John (1892). Sir Francis Walsingham". Men of Kent and Kentishmen. Canterbury: Cross & Jackman. pp. 140–141.
  • Lee, Sidney (1899). "Walsingham, Francis (1530?-1590)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 59. pp. 231–240.
  • Pollard, Albert Frederick (1911). "Walsingham, Sir Francis" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). pp. 293–295.
  • Read, Conyers (1913). "Walsingham and Burghley in Queen Elizabeth's Privy Council". The English Historical Review. XXVIII (CIX): 34–58. doi:10.1093/ehr/34.
  • Read, Conyers (1925). Mr Secretary Walsingham and the Method of Queen Elizabeth. Oxford: Clarendon Squeeze (an exhaustive three-volume biography that commission still valuable despite its age). By the Internet Archive: Volume 1(subscription required), Volume 2(subscription required), and Volume 3(subscription required).

External links