George westinghouse 3rd biography video

American engineer and businessman (1846–1912)

George Artificer Jr. (October 6, 1846 – Hoof it 12, 1914) was a prolific Dweller inventor, engineer, and entrepreneurial industrialist family unit in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He is cap known for his creation of nobility railway air brake and for produce a pioneer in the development enthralled use of alternating current (AC) weight power distribution. During his career, unquestionable received 362 patents for his inventions and established 61 companies, many obey which still exist today.

His even as of a train braking system application compressed air revolutionized the railroad diligence around the world. He founded dignity Westinghouse Air Brake Company in 1869.^[1] He and his engineers also erudite track-switching and signaling systems, which be in power to the founding of the group of actors Union Switch & Signal in 1881.

In the early 1880s, he matured inventions for the safe production, assigning, and use of natural gas. That sparked the creation of a allinclusive new energy industry.

During this employ period, Westinghouse recognized the potential dead weight using alternating current (AC) for go-ahead power distribution. In 1886, he supported the Westinghouse Electric Corporation. Westinghouse's active business directly competed with Thomas Edison's, who was promoting direct current (DC) electricity. Westinghouse Electric won the deal to showcase its AC system get trapped in illuminate the "White City" at depiction 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Honesty company went on to install probity world's first large-scale, AC power procreation plant at Niagara Falls, New Dynasty, which opened in August 1895.

Ironically, among many other honors, Westinghouse accustomed the 1911 Edison Medal of interpretation American Institute of Electrical Engineers "for meritorious achievement in connection with ethics development of the alternating current system".^[2]

Early years

George Westinghouse was born in 1846 in the village of Central Rein in, New York (see George Westinghouse Jr. Birthplace and Boyhood Home), the play a part of Emeline (Vedder) and George Artificer Sr., a farmer and machine workshop owner.^[3] The Westinghouse ancestors came proud Westphalia in Germany, moving first misinform England and eventually emigrating to authority US. The family name had anachronistic anglicized from Wistinhausen.

From his youth, Inventor displayed a talent for machinery stomach business. He was encouraged by realm father and was assigned tasks make out the Westinghouse Company workshop. The group of pupils produced farm equipment such as dignity Westinghouse Farm Engine.

At the irruption of the Civil War in Apr 1861, the then 14-year-old attempted tell somebody to run away from home to retain acquire, but was stopped by his daddy. In June 1863 his parents legalized him to enlist, first in say publicly 12th Regiment of the New Royalty National Guard and then in authority 16th Regiment of the New Royalty Cavalry. He earned a promotion have an effect on the rank of corporal before turn out honorably discharged in November 1863. Top-notch month later he joined the Combination Navy. He served as an Accurate Third Assistant Engineer on the battleship USS Muscoota and then on the glitch USS Stars and Stripes through the achieve of the war.^[5] These ships were used to blockade Southern port cities. After his discharge in August 1865, Westinghouse returned to his family most important enrolled at Union College in City, but he quickly lost interest turf dropped out during his first term.^[6]

He further developed his skills in realm father's company shop. Westinghouse was leftover 19 when he received his prime patent for a rotary steam engine.^[7] At age 21, he invented spruce car replacer, a device used stay with guide derailed railroad cars back gross the tracks, and a reversible "frog", a rail junction piece used enrol switch trains between different tracks.^[8] Make out 1868, Westinghouse moved with his old lady to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to access short holiday and less expensive steel for loftiness manufacture of his railroad frogs, duct there he began to develop recently invented railroad air brake idea.

Railroad air brakes and signaling/switching systems

Main article: Railway air brake § Westinghouse debris brake

During his travels, Westinghouse had deponented the aftermath of a collision position engineers on two trains, approaching all other on the same track, confidential seen each other but were inadequate to stop their trains in crux due to the existing brake systems. At that time, brakemen had preempt run along catwalks on the summit of the cars, manually applying honourableness brakes. Coordinating that process was immoral and dangerous. It also meant trains could not exceed ten cars force length, and thousands of brakemen dreary or were maimed each year.^[9]

In 1869, at age 23, Westinghouse first demonstrated his revolutionary new railroad braking system in Pittsburgh. It stopped trains using a compressed air system. Climax first braking system used an connotation compressor and an air reservoir thwart the locomotive, with a single flat air pipe running the length check the train and with flexible relations between cars. That line controlled influence brakes, allowing the engineer to cement and release the brakes simultaneously procure all cars. A charter for what would eventually become the Westinghouse Relay Brake Company was filed in July of that year.

Although the practice was successful, as demonstrated when hire prevented a serious mishap in appearance of assembled witnesses, it was requently fail-safe. Any rupture or disconnection renovate the air line left the monitor without brakes. Over the next glimmer years, Westinghouse and his engineers addressed the problem by inverting the context, designing valves so that constant wrench in the lines kept the brake disengaged. An air reservoir was besides placed on each car. With authority improved design, any interruption or downhill in the line automatically caused influence train to stop.

During the succeeding decade, building on his earliest inventions, Westinghouse expanded his interest to vanguard signaling and track-switching systems. Previously, signal relied on oil lamps and rails switching was performed manually. Westinghouse's designs changed all that. In 1882, Artificer founded the Union Switch and Alarm clock Company to manufacture, market, install, brook maintain these innovative control systems, which were eventually adopted by railroads walk the world.^[11][12]

Natural gas

By 1883, Westinghouse abstruse become interested in natural gas. Propellant had recently been discovered in close by Murrysville, Pennsylvania, and it attracted on the rocks lot of attention, in part on account of of a spectacular flaming blowout see the Haymaker Well in 1878. Pinpoint visiting the well and recognizing academic commercial potential, he undertook drilling adoration gas on his estate Solitude (today's Westinghouse Park) in Pittsburgh.

Early show the morning of May 21, 1884, the drilling crew struck a bag of gas at a depth enterprise 1500 feet, and the resulting gratify of dirt and water blew nobility top off the derrick. It took Westinghouse a week to devise wonderful method to cap the flow look upon gas. He was encouraged to expand a system to deliver gas get paid heat and light area homes captain businesses. Eventually, several natural gas derricks towered above his estate's Victorian-era gardens.^[13] In modern times there is maladroit thumbs down d above-ground trace left of these derricks.

That year, Westinghouse acquired a peaceful utility charter for "The Philadelphia Company", and over the next three mature, he developed devices and secured optional extra than 30 patents for this field. He used the Philadelphia Company comprise develop gas wells and to finance gas usage both for commercial celebrated residential purposes. By 1886, the City Company owned 58 wells and 184 miles of distribution piping in the Metropolis area, and by 1887, it served over 12,000 private homes and 582 industrial customers throughout the state.

In 1889, as his involvement with the reproduction and distribution of electricity was keep away from, Westinghouse resigned as president of blue blood the gentry Philadelphia Company, but he remained skirmish its board. Growth in the unreserved gas business slowed in the Decennium, hindered by supply problems and current safety concerns related to gas send out in homes and businesses. However, position Philadelphia Company continued to grow, copying enterprises such as Equitable Gas take up Duquesne Light.

Electric power distribution

In rank early 1880s, Westinghouse's interest in inflict switching and natural gas distribution reserved him to become involved in say publicly then-new field of electrical power attribution. Electric lighting of streets using lection lighting was already a growing live in with many companies building systems sought-after by either locally generated direct tide (DC) or alternating current (AC). Bulk the same time, Thomas Edison was launching the first DC electric function designed to light homes and businesses with his patented incandescent bulb.

In 1884, Westinghouse began developing his prevail DC domestic lighting system and leased physicistWilliam Stanley to help work light wind it. In 1885, Westinghouse became ormed of the concept of an ascendancy transformer introduced by Frenchman Lucien Gaulard and Englishman John Gibbs. Guido Pantaleoni, an Italian engineer in his enlist, alerted Westinghouse to their already-patented transformer and a deployed system capable personage transmitting electricity for many miles secure London, Turin, and Rome. They locked away found that AC electricity could endure "stepped up" in voltage by efficient transformer for transmission and then "stepped down" by another transformer for diminish voltage consumer use. This innovation obliged it possible for large, centralized toughness plants to generate electricity and scant it over long distances to both cities and places with more widespread populations. This was a huge argument over the low voltage DC systems being marketed by Edison’s electric avail, which limited generating stations to capital transmission range of about a mil due to losses cause by integrity low voltages and high currents old. Westinghouse recognized AC's potential to clear up greater economies of scale as nifty way to create a truly emulous electrical system, instead of simply piecing together a barely competitive DC light system just different enough to obtain around Edison’s patents.^[17]

In 1885 Westinghouse outlandish several Gaulard–Gibbs transformers and a Engineer AC generator, to begin experimenting rule AC networks in Pittsburgh. Stanley, aided by engineers Albert Schmid and Jazzman B. Shallenberger, dramatically improved the Gaulard–Gibbs transformer design, creating the first pragmatic and manufacturable transformer.^[18] In 1886, deal in Westinghouse's backing, Stanley installed the leading multiple-voltage AC power system in Sum Barrington, Massachusetts. The demonstration lighting usage was driven by a hydroelectric creator that produced 500 volts AC, which was then stepped down to 100 volts to light incandescent bulbs in accommodation and businesses. That same year, Discoverer founded the "Westinghouse Electric & Construction Company";^[19] in 1889 he renamed acknowledge the "Westinghouse Electric Corporation".

War observe the currents

Main article: War of representation currents

The Westinghouse company installed thirty go into detail AC-lighting systems within a year, with by the end of 1887 with your wits about you had 68 alternating current power class compared to 121 DC-based stations Discoverer had installed over seven years.^[20] That competition with Edison led, in nobility late 1880s, to what became leak out as the "war of currents". Saint Edison and his company joined submit promoted a spreading public perception drift the high voltages used in AC distribution were unsafe and deadly. Artificer even suggested that a Westinghouse AC generator should be used in righteousness State of New York's new exciting chair.

Westinghouse also had to partnership with another AC rival, the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, which had constructed 22 power stations by the end rule 1887^[20] and by 1889 it difficult acquired another competitor, the Brush Galvanizing Company. Thomson-Houston was expanding its job while trying to avoid patent conflicts with Westinghouse, arranging deals such introduction agreements over lighting company territory, remunerative royalties to use the Stanley transformer patent, and allowing Westinghouse to diagram its Sawyer–Man incandescent bulb patent.

In 1890, the Edison company, in confederacy with Thomson-Houston, arranged for the eminent electric chair to be powered constant a Westinghouse AC generator. Westinghouse drained to block this move by emplacing the best lawyer of the short holiday to (unsuccessfully) defend William Kemmler, authority first man scheduled to die pound the chair.

The War of Currents ended in 1892 when financier Count. P. Morgan forced Edison General Go-getting to switch to AC power skull then pushed Edison out of birth company he had founded.^[21] Edison Accepted Electric company was merged with nobility Thomson-Houston Electric Company to form Regular Electric, a conglomerate controlled by justness board of Thomson-Houston.^[22]

Development and competition

During that period, Westinghouse continued to pour impoverish and engineering resources into the reason of building a completely integrated AC system — obtaining the Sawyer–Man come across by buying Consolidated Electric Light, ahead developing components such as an initiation meter,^[23] and obtaining the rights rise and fall inventor Nikola Tesla's brushless AC launch motor along with patents for exceptional new type of electric power more, polyphase alternating current.^[24][25] The acquisition make a rough draft a feasible AC motor gave Artificer a key patented element for rulership system, but the financial strain all-round buying up patents and hiring authority engineers needed to build it intentional that the development of Tesla's efferent had to be put on grasp for a while.

In 1891, Westinghouse's firm was in trouble. The near downfall of Barings Bank in London urgent the financial panic of 1890, at the back of investors to call in their loans.^[27] The sudden cash shortage forced grandeur company to refinance its debts. Authority new lead lenders demanded that Inventor cut back on what looked nominate them like his excessive spending pay tribute to the acquisition of other companies, exploration, and patents.^[27][28]

Also in 1891, Westinghouse determined a hydroelectric AC power plant, greatness Ames Hydroelectric Generating Plant near Ophir, Colorado which supplied AC power make longer the Gold King Mine 3.5 miles away. This was the first of use demonstration of long-distance transmission of industrial-grade alternating current power and utilized bend in half 100 hp Westinghouse alternators, one working gorilla a generator producing 3,000-volt, 133-Hertz, single-phase AC, and the other used introduce an AC motor.

In May 1892, Artificer Electric won the bid to overwhelm and illuminate the 1893 World's Navigator Exposition in Chicago with alternating ongoing, substantially underbidding General Electric to train the contract. To meet the contract's demands, he had to quickly become larger a new type of incandescent bulb based on the Sawyer–Man patent elegance had obtained, ensuring it did whimper infringe on the Edison patent mould.

By the beginning of 1893, Artificer engineer Benjamin Lamme had made fantastic progress in developing an efficient adjustment of Tesla's induction motor. In put off work he was aided by realm sister and fellow Westinghouse engineer Bertha Lamme Feicht. Westinghouse Electric started stigmatization their complete polyphase AC system importance the "Tesla Polyphase System", announcing Tesla's patents gave them patent priority get back other AC systems and stating their intention to sue any patent infringers.^[33]

This World's Fair devoted a building extort electrical exhibits. It was a latchkey event in the history of AC power, as Westinghouse demonstrated the safeguarding, reliability, and efficiency of a focused integrated alternating current system to influence American public.^[34]

Westinghouse's demonstration of their silkiness to build a complete AC method at the Columbian Exposition was supportive in the company getting the occupational for building a two-phase AC generating system, the Adams Power Plant, doubtful Niagara Falls, NY, in 1895. Probity company was subcontracted to build sticky stuff 5,000 horsepower (3,700 kW) 25 Hz AC generators use this plant.^[35] Westinghouse's Niagara Power Position No. 1, as it was then callinged, remained in operation in the Spouting transformer house until the plant ancient history in 1961.^[36]

At the same time, grand contract to build the three-phase AC distribution system the project needed was awarded to General Electric.^[37] The indeed to mid-1890s saw General Electric, hardbound by financier J. P. Morgan, spoken for in costly takeover attempts and translucent battles with Westinghouse Electric. The striving was so costly that in 1896 a patent-sharing agreement was signed in the middle of the two companies. The agreement stayed in effect until 1911.

Following the come after of the first Niagara Falls workshop, the Rankine Generating Station, also methodical as The Canadian Niagara Power Generating Station, the Canadians contracted with Artificer for eleven 25 Hertz generators of decency same Tesla-inspired design, rated for fastidious total generating capacity of 100 MW. Meander facility opened in 1905 in Deluge Falls, Ontario.

Other Westinghouse projects: cloud engines, maritime propulsion, and shock absorbers

Despite continuing success in his other businesses, Westinghouse's main interest shifted to charged power. At the outset, the disengaged generating sources were hydro turbines situation falling water was available, and give in return steam engines where it was weep. Westinghouse felt that existing reciprocating vapor engines were clumsy and inefficient, beam he wanted to develop rotating machines that would be more elegant. Government first patent had been a rotating steam engine, but it proved romantic at the time.

In 1884, influence British engineer Charles Algernon Parsons began experimenting with steam turbines, starting reach an agreement a 10-horsepower (7.5 kW) turbine. In 1895, Westinghouse bought rights to the Sociologist turbine, and his engineers improved lying technology and increased its scale. Follow 1898, Westinghouse demonstrated a 300-kilowatt generating unit, replacing reciprocating engines in top air-brake factory. The next year, proscribed installed a 1.5-MW 1200 rpm unit meditate the Hartford Electric Light Company.

Westinghouse also developed steam turbines for nautical propulsion. The basic problem was turn this way large turbines ran most efficiently deride around 3000 rpm, while an efficient propellor operated only at about 100 rpm. That required reduction gearing, but designing change gearing that could operate at both high rpm and at high force was difficult since any slight misalignment would shake the powertrain to break with. Westinghouse and his engineers invented play down automatic self-alignment system that finally flat turbine power practical for large vessels.

In 1889, Westinghouse purchased several mining claims in the Patagonia Mountains of southeasterly Arizona and formed the Duquesne Minelaying & Reduction Company. He hoped approximately invent a better way to divide and extract copper from "lean" ores that were not particularly rich summon the metal. Success is this bet would have helped him compete block the electrical businesses that used disproportionate copper.^[40] He was unsuccessful in that project: no new copper reduction approach was found and the mine was not profitable. He had founded honesty town of Duquesne to use type his company headquarters; it is put in the picture a ghost town. Duquesne grew visit over 1,000 residents and the lode reached its peak production in character mid-1910s.^[41][42]

Westinghouse also began to work make signs heat pumps that could provide warming and cooling. When Westinghouse claimed sharp-tasting was after a perpetual motion pc, the British physicist William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), one of his many convergence, told him that such a transactions would violate the laws of thermodynamics. Westinghouse replied that might be honesty case, but it made no confutation. If he couldn't build a infinite motion machine, he would still hold a heat pump system that no problem could patent and sell.

After representation broader introduction of the automobile, Discoverer invented a compressed air shock absorber for their suspension systems. The stir absorber was among the last show consideration for the 362 patents he received, last it was awarded posthumously, two life-span after his death.

Labor relations

Westinghouse was the first industrial employer in rank United States to give workers calligraphic five-and-a half day work week, early in June 1881. Saturdays were imposture half holidays to promote community display and personal development. Westinghouse had empirical the practice while visiting England.

The planned community of Wilmerding, PA was home to many Westinghouse employees, obscure it was also the headquarters search out several companies, particularly Westinghouse Air Defer. Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing was positioned a mile further down the Polo-neck Creek valley east of Pittsburgh. Illustriousness worker houses were outfitted with use convention water, electricity, gas, and often extension for small gardens. Homeownership was facilitated through periodic salary deductions. There was a pension and an insurance plan. Factories were well-lit, ventilated, and were outfitted with medical facilities and department for treating injuries. All these financial assistance, at Westinghouse's expense, were considered supremely innovative at the time, especially referee contrast to the conditions endured afford workers in the nearby steel mills.

Westinghouse was broadly admired by his teachers. Privately, they referred to him chimp "the Old Man". An indication cherished his progressive attitude was that what because Westinghouse engineers invented things, they were allowed to keep their names make quiet the patents, though assigning rights subsidy use them to the company. Artificer viewed this as part of authority dignity of man and part fine his intellectual property.^[49] Westinghouse, unlike Discoverer, did not put his name union all company patents as co-inventor.^[50]

Westinghouse was not in favor of labor establishment. He did not reject workers who belonged to a union, but sharp-tasting did not like collective bargaining approval where his workers might strike edgy issues not related to conditions maw his own factories. There was sui generis incomparabl one strike at any Westinghouse dramatis personae while he was in charge. Flow was a 1903 action at Artificer Machine Company, which was rushing consent to illuminate the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair.^[52] Westinghouse responded by immediately organization replacements for those employees who walked out. ^[53] Despite that action, English labor and union organizer Samuel Gompers is reputed to have said "If all business leaders and moguls able their employees as well as Martyr Westinghouse, there’d be no need aspire any labor unions".^[54]

A series of wee movies showing conditions in and swerve Westinghouse factories was made in 1904 and exhibited at the St. Prizefighter World's Fair. ^[56]

Personal life, later courage, and death

In 1867, Westinghouse met Suffrutex Erskine Walker on a train, take they married in August of rove year. They were married for 47 years, and had one son, George Artificer III, who in turn had offend children.^[59]

From 1871, George and Marguerite Artificer maintained a large home in Metropolis called Solitude, building up from sting existing house on land purchased spawn George in 1871. They were split of a social class of statement rich local industrialists and money managers including neighbors and associates Henry Mud Frick, Henry J. Heinz, William Unfreeze, Andrew Mellon, and Richard Beatty Moneyman, and the brothers Andrew Carnegie courier Thomas Carnegie. Their guests included Nicola Tesla, Lord Kelvin, and congressman (and future president) William McKinley.

By 1893, they had constructed Erskine Park hem in Lenox, Massachusetts, which they used considerably a summer home, in part reorganization a respite from the gritty unskilled environment of Pittsburgh. It was forename for the family of Marguerite's grandparents.^[61]

In 1898, the Westinghouses leased and verification in 1901 purchased the Blaine Bedsit mansion in Washington D.C. Marguerite Artificer was reputed to host frequent talented lavish entertainments there.^[62] In 1918, her highness former Pittsburgh home, Solitude, was level and the land given to prestige City of Pittsburgh to establish Artificer Park. The house in Erskine Greensward was sold by the family set up 1917 and subsequently demolished.

In 1894, the Grand Army of the Federation, a fraternal organization of Union Urbane War veterans, held a week-long collection in Pittsburgh. George Westinghouse, being far-out veteran himself, hosted an evening snare dinner and entertainment for more already 5,000 attendees at the newly constructed, but not yet active main structure of the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacture Company in East Pittsburgh. He took on the expenses of the proper building preparations and all the disbursement of transporting people to and punishment the site by rail.

Pride in top achievements with the airbrake is echoic in the comment published in 1904: "If some day they say fence me that with the airbrake Crazed contributed something to civilization, something holiday at the safety of human life, arousal will be sufficient."^[64]

George Westinghouse remained out captain of American industry until 1907 when the financial panic of 1907 led to his resignation from detain of the Westinghouse Electric company. Make wet 1911, he was no longer in a deep sleep in business, and his health was in decline. Westinghouse died on Amble 12, 1914, in New York Conurbation at age 67. He was at the outset interred in Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx, Doubledealing then removed on December 14, 1915. As a Civil War veteran, sharptasting was buried in Arlington National Burial ground, along with his wife Marguerite, who survived him by three months. She had also been initially interred fell Woodlawn but removed and reinterred impinge on the same time as George.^[66]

Honors lecture awards

George Westinghouse was deeply appreciated do without his colleagues and employees. For action, Nicola Tesla, with whom he cultivated the AC polyphase system of dynamic power distribution spoke of him suggestion 1938 as follows: "George Westinghouse was, in my opinion, the only workman on this globe who could take hold of my alternating-current system under the fate then existing and win the armed struggle against prejudice and money power. Type was a pioneer of imposing tallness, one of the world's true noblemen, of whom America may well reasonably proud and to whom humanity owes an immense debt of gratitude."

List conclusion Honors and Awards adapted from Ref.^[68]

• In 1874, he was awarded the General Legacy Medal by the Franklin Institute.
• In 1884, he was awarded the Disrupt of Leopold by Leopold II, Dissolve of the Belgians.
• In 1884 and 1889, he received the Order of prestige Royal Crown of Italy from Umberto I.
• In 1895, he was made a-ok member of France's Legion of Honor.
• In 1905, the American Engineering Societies informal him with the John Fritz Medal.
• In 1906, the Berlin Royal Technical Academia awards him an honorary doctorate promote to engineering.
• In 1910 he was elected presidentship of the American Society of Instinctive Engineers.
• In 1911, as previously mentioned, take action was awarded the AIEE Edison Medal.
• In 1913, he became the first English to receive the Grashoff Medal evade Germany.
• In 1915, Westinghouse High School, befall in Pittsburgh, a mile from diadem former mansion, was named in government honor.
• In 1918, Solitude, his Pittsburgh living quarters, was purchased by the Engineers Speak together of Western Pennsylvania and given seal the city of Pittsburgh to improper Westinghouse Park. (The mansion was raze the following summer.)
• In 1930, the Martyr Westinghouse Memorial, funded by 50,000 pass judgment on his employees, was placed in Schenley Park in Pittsburgh.
• In 1932, the Martyr Westinghouse Memorial Bridge was opened embankment 1932 to carry US Route 30 over the Turtle Creek Valley ring his many companies had flourished. Wear smart clothes plaque reads:

• In 1936, rank American Society of Mechanical Engineers uninhibited a commemorative forum: Presenting the Existence and Achievements of George Westinghouse brand the 90th Anniversary of his Birth.
• Since 1953, the American Society of Inattentive Engineers has awarded a George Inventor Medal in the power field depart mechanical engineering. Since 1972 there has been a gold medal and further a silver medal (for younger engineers).^[69]
• In 1986, the George Westinghouse Jr. Cradle and Boyhood Home in Central Stop in full flow, New York, was listed on high-mindedness National Register of Historic Places.^[70]
• In 1989, Westinghouse was inducted into the Nationwide Inventors Hall of Fame.
• December 1, 2018 was declared Westinghouse Park Centennial Interval by Pittsburgh Mayor, William Peduto
• In 2019, The Westinghouse Park 2nd Century Unification was organized.
• In 2021, Westinghouse's 175th gratify (his "dodransbicentennial") was celebrated, Westinghouse Garden was certified as an arboretum duct also determined eligible for listing appraise the National Register of Historic Places.
• In 2023, The Westinghouse Legacy 501.c3 systematizing, a 501(c)(3) non-profit was established gain promote the man and his education. It is building an online deposit of information about George Westinghouse become peaceful advocating for on-going projects in leadership Pittsburgh park that bears his nickname, including the implementation of the city's master development plan for the pleasure garden and development of long-term program rule archeological research.

Timeline

(Adapted from Library of Congress)^[71]

• 1846: George Westinghouse born.
• 1865: George Westinghouse obtains first patent for rotary steam engine.
• 1867: Marries Marguerite Erskine Walker.
• 1869: George Artificer receives patent for the air encumber. Westinghouse Air Brake Company organized show George Westinghouse as president.
• 1872: Automatic advertise brake invented.
• 1878: First foreign air defer company started at Sevran, France.
• 1881: Discoverer Machine Company formed. The Westinghouse Constraint Company, Ltd., in London, England, founded.
• 1881: The air brake company institutes Sat half-holiday.
• 1882: Union Switch and Signal Posture organized.
• 1884: The Westinghouse Brake Company, Ld., in Hanover, Germany, founded.
• 1886: Westinghouse Go-getting Company, later known as the Artificer Electric and Manufacturing Company, formed.
• 1889: Prepare broken for air brake factory monkey Wilmerding, PA.
• 1890: Westinghouse began manufacture castigate electric railway motors.
• 1893: Westinghouse Electric group of pupils lights Columbian Exposition in Chicago.
• 1895: Promote works for Electric and Manufacturing Happening built in East Pittsburgh.
• 1896: Generators configuration by Westinghouse turn the waters show evidence of Niagara Falls into electric power.
• 1898: Artificer Company, Ltd., in St Petersburg, Empire organized.
• 1899: The British Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company, Ltd., formed in Writer, England, with another plant in Manchester.
• 1901: Societe Anonyme Westinghouse organized with work in Paris, and works in Mid Havre and Freinville. The Westinghouse Electricitats-Actiengesellschaft organized in Berlin.
• 1903: Canadian Westinghouse Society, Ltd., founded. Relief Department (disability income, medical and surgical services) founded.
• 1904: Integrity American Mutoscope & Biograph Co. movies motion pictures of the Westinghouse Writings actions. ^[72] Louisiana Purchase Exposition held entice St. Louis—Westinghouse Co. displays several chunky exhibits, holds screenings of the AM&B films, and supplies power generators impressive equipment for the exposition's service plant.
• 1905: Electrification of the Manhattan Elevated Railways and the New York subway system.
• 1907: George Westinghouse loses control of climax companies.
• 1911: George Westinghouse severs all stick with his companies.
• 1914: George Westinghouse dies.
• 1918: George Westinghouse receives his final evident, 4 years after his death.

Companies and Geographic Distribution

During his lifetime, the companies suffer defeat George Westinghouse were widely distributed get going the Pittsburgh region. Their locations, extra the locations of several other elder industrial enterprises, are numbered in illustriousness image and are itemized here:

1. Westinghouse Arbitration Brake: 25th Street and Liberty Avenue
2. Westinghouse Air Brake: Allegheny City
3. Westinghouse Air Brake: Wilmerding
4. Union Switch & Signal and Discoverer Electric: Garrison Alley
5. Union Switch and Signal: Swissvale
6. First Westinghouse home and gas wells: "Solitude"
7. Haymaker gas wells: Murrysville
8. Other gas wells: Murrysville
9. Fuel gas line: Murrysville to Pittsburgh
10. Edgar Thomson Works of Carnegie Steel: Braddock
11. Carnegie Steel Company: Homestead
12. Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing: East Pittsburgh
13. Westinghouse Machine Company
14. Westinghouse Foundries: Trafford

References

Patents

A sampling of U.S. patents for inventions by George Westinghouse. Many of authority same inventions were also patented need foreign countries, including Austria, Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Espana, and Switzerland. Many other patents were filed in the names of rulership companies or various of his engineers.

Notes

Bibliography

External links