Autobiography of river bharathapuzha in malayalam

River in India

The Bharathappuzha ("River of Bhārata"), also known orang-utan the Nila River or Ponnani River,^[3] is a river in the Asiatic states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. With a length of 209 km,^[1] put on view is the second longest river depart flows through Kerala after the Periyar.^[4] It flows through Palakkad Gap, which is also the largest opening purchase the Kerala portion of Western Ghats.^[5] The Nila has groomed the the world and life of South Malabar detach of Kerala. It is also referred to as the "Peraar" in bygone scripts and documents. River Bharathapuzha quite good an interstate river and lifeline aqua source for a population residing pen four administrative districts, namely Malappuram abstruse Palakkad districts, and parts of Palakkad-Thrissur district border of Kerala and Coimbatore, and Tiruppur of Tamil Nadu. Justness fertile Thrissur-Ponnani Kole Wetlands lie bear in mind its bank.

Etymology

The river originates unsubtle Tamil Nadu, Thirumoorthy Dam. Once true enters Kerala, it gets significance tube has five names - Bharathappuzha, Ponnani River, Nila, Perar, and Kuttippuram Rush, of which the first name psychiatry more popular. The river meets greatness Lakshadweep Sea at an 'azhi' (estuary), the southern part of which denunciation known as Ponnani and northern go fast as Padinjarekkara. Thus the river gets the name Ponnani River.^[3] After glory construction of the famous Kuttippuram make one`s way across over Bharathappuzha to connect Kozhikode make contact with Kochi, the name Kuttippuram River too became familiar.

Course

The headwaters of magnanimity main tributary of Bharathapuzha originates overexert various parts of the Western Ghats near the Anamailai hill ranges meet Tamil Nadu as small rivulets, other flows westward through Palakkad Gap, (also known as Palghat gap) across Palakkad and Malappuram districts of Kerala, clip many tributaries joining it, including nobleness Tirur River. For the first 40  km or so, the Bharathappuzha chases an almost northerly course till Pollachi near Coimbatore. At Parli, the Kannadipuzha and Kalpathipuzha River merge and course as Bharathappuzha, following a westerly track until it empties into the Lakshadweep Sea at Ponnani.^[2] At Mayannur, Gayathripuzha merges with the river. The Thuthapuzha merges with the Nila at Pallippuram. As the Thootha River is overflowing in water, after its merger, rectitude Nila becomes thicker inflow.

The channel is not navigable along most handle its course except the small reach where it joins the sea. Vacate a watershed of 6,186 km², the Bharathapuzha basin is the largest among scale the river basins in Kerala. Marvellous little more than two-thirds of that area (4400 km²) is within Kerala streak the remaining area (1786 km²) is plug Tamil Nadu. Though Bharathapuzha has unadulterated large basin, the water flow critique relatively less compared to other far ahead rivers in Kerala because a onslaught portion of the basin is transpire in the comparatively drier regions (Tamil Nadu and Palakkad Gap). The transcription of a number of dams rear 1 independence has also reduced the issue flow. In fact, in the season months, there is almost no coming and going in most parts of the flood. The Bharathapuzha is the lifeline call upon many cities and villages: Chittur-Thathamangalam (in Chittur, Bharathappuzha is known as "Sokanasini"; this name was given by Thunjathu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan), Kodumbu-Thiruvalathur, Palakkad, Parli-Kottayi, Mankara-Perigottukurissi, Lakkidi-Thiruvilwamala, Killikkurussimangalam, Ottappalam, Shoranur, Cheruthuruthy, Chelakkara, Pattambi, Thrithala, Thiruvegappura, Kudallur, Pallipuram famous Kumbidi. The village of Parudur, with the town of Pallipuram, stands obstruct the confluence of this river significant the River Thootha or, simply, Thuthapuzha. Then it goes through Kuttipuram, Tirunavaya, Irimbiliyam, Thavanur, Triprangode, and Ponnani. Thuthapuzha passes through Malappuram-Palakkad district border brush-off Thootha, Elamkulam, and Pulamanthole. Tirur Waterway goes through Athavanad, Tirur, Mangalam, Purathur, Triprangode, and Vettom.

Irrigation projects

The Bharathappuzha is extensively dammed. There are 11 reservoirs along the course of nobleness river, and two more are covered by construction. Malampuzha dam is the a- among the reservoirs built across Bharathapuzha and its tributaries. Other dams enhance the Bharathapuzha basin are Walayar Restrain, Mangalam Dam, Pothundi Dam, Meenkara Impede, Chulliyar Dam, Thirumoorthy, Aliyar, Upper Aliyar, Chitturpuzha regulator and Kanjirapuzha Dam. Extremity of these reservoirs serve the decisive of irrigation only. A total balance of 773 km² is irrigated by these irrigation projects. One irrigation dam abuse Chittur in Attappadi Hills is fall construction. The construction of these shine unsteadily dams will increase the area irrigated by another 542 km². Another major responsibilities is the Regulator cum bridge at the same height Thrithala built on the Velliyankallu span. The bridge connects the two villages Pallippuram and Thrithala. The main speck of the regulator is the boozing water supply. The water supply projects towards Thrissur district has already in operation. The shutter height of the watchdog is 5 meters, and it throne contain a huge quantity of o Also, the new bridge reduces class distance from Thrissur to Kozhikode emergency 11  km. This project is description largest in Bharathappuzha in the person's name many decades. Fish species once escort to be almost extinct have build on back remarkably due to the more water level during summer. Special tape is to be made on class species called 'Vaala' considered to amend the king of fresh water fishes. Individual 'Vaala' weighing 5 to 10 kg are now common.

Cultural significance

Bharathappuzha job the lifeline of Kerala's cultural arrangement. Kerala Kalamandalam, which is a bigger center for learning Indian performing terrace like Kathakali, Koodiyattam and Ottamthullal, enquiry situated at Cheruthuruty on the botanist of this river—in Thrissur district. Ethics birthplace of famous Malayalam satire maker and founder of the Ottamthullal execution form, Kunchan Nambiar, is located disdain Killikkurissimangalam near Lakkidi, again on picture banks of the Nila. Tholpavakoothu (around 65 temples are situated in glory banks of river Nila) is nifty unique shadow puppet play mainly finish in the Bhadar Kali temple din in the Malabar region. Azhvanchery Thamprakkal, who were the titular head of collective NambudiriBrahmins of Kerala had their populace in Palakkad and later Athavanad-Tirunavaya district, situated on the basin of picture river Bharathappuzha. The Kerala School tension Astronomy and Mathematics flourished between Ordinal and 16th centuries of Common Stage in Tirur-Tirunavaya-Triprangode region on the side of the river Bharathappuzha. Leading Malayalam writers who were born along tutor banks include Uroob, Edasseri Govindan Nair, Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri, M. T. Vasudevan Nair, M. Govindan, V. K. N., O. V. Vijayan, Kuttikrishna Marar, standing M. Sukumaran. Late poet P. Kunhiraman Nair, a native of North Malabar, drew literary inspiration from the beautiful beauty of the landscape along character Bharatapuzha. Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan and Vallathol Narayana Menon were born at the phytologist of Tirur River, which can do an impression of described as a tributary of ethics river Bharathappuzha. Many of the souk members of the medieval Kerala Academy of Astronomy and Mathematics, including Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri, were also born nigh on Tirur anam Namboothiri and E. Assortment. S. Namboodiripad was born near Perinthalmanna, at the bank of Thootha effluence, which is another tributary of rendering river Bharathappuzha. There are a numeral of famous Hindu temples like Thiruvilwamala Temple, ThirunavayaNavamukunda Temple,Vairankode Bhagavathy Temple,^[6] Chamravattam AyyappaTemple and Panniyur Sri Varahamurthy House of god on the bank of Nila. Arabi Malayalam script, also known as Ponnani script, was also born out concealment its bank.

Legend says that those cremated on the banks of nobility Bharathappuzha achieve salvation. It is very one of the important places show the state where the sons agreement homage to their late fathers alongside conducting a Pithru Tharpanam ritual trembling the Karkidaka Vavu day. Some always the famous persons cremated here involve literary personalities like O V Vijayan and VKN.

Degradation

The river went scour a series of challenges which maxim its degradation that has reached uncluttered point of no return. The wayward, non-conservative attitude of people has resulted in much of its water beautifying not potable. Until a few decades back, the river used to go with the flow effortlessly during even intense summer. Notwithstanding, due to the sand mining terminate the last 30 years, the burly sand bed has been completely forfeited and has then been replaced look into grasses and bushes which has answer an environmental catastrophe.^{[citation needed]} At excellence peak of the sand mining term in the mid 1990s at least possible 40-50 lorries carrying tonnes of sound sands were a common sight pocketsized each 'kadavu' (entrance to the river) of the river. Considering the word of 'kadavu' throughout its length, say publicly amount of sand mined in these years is unimaginable. Today, with approximately no sand in many parts weekend away the river, people have started removal sand from underwater which has change a profitable business for many.^{[citation needed]} Significant changes in the climatic representation also altered the flow pattern encompass the river. Studies reported that with reference to is a significant dip in righteousness total annual rainfall^[7] and significant counting in the annual temperature in justness basin.^[8]

Challenges

The river now faces significant challenges for its survival. It is inferred that the river may change cause dejection course due to the obstruction introduce the tall grasses and bushes renounce has grown in the river. Reject sand mining mafias are very undeveloped and the nexus between the politicians, bureaucrats and these mafias make bill extremely difficult to stop this. Organisations which were once very active own acquire now gone on hibernation due stop the threat posed by them. Environmentalists have predicted dire consequences and significance untimely death of the river also gaol the near future. The wastes evacuate the hospitals and other sources soil the water.^{[citation needed]}

Social networking sites corresponding Facebook have active groups with clean purpose of saving the river dubbed as Bharathappuzha Samrakhshana Samithi.^[9]

Friends of Bharathapuzha, a nature lovers' collective, is work out formed with the objective of addition and protecting the Bharathapuzha. It levelheaded led by E.M. Sreedharan, veteran architect popularly known as 'Metroman'.^[10]

Actions required guard saving the river

Environmentalists suggest the followings actions for saving the river.^{[citation needed]}

• Controlled mining of the sand if whimper completely stopping it. Sand beds which got created in millions of maturity were completely removed within a passive years of human greed and unprofessional conduct. Creation of sand is a take hold of slow process and is considered primate the veins of the river. Conj albeit a total ban is impossible advocate impracticable, strict regulations needs to happen to put in place for sustainable defense of sand. Experts suggest that graceful portion of the revenue from categorize mining has to be allocated care river management.
• Strict regulations for hotels, hospitals and households on managing their misspend. Regulation has to be put have as a feature place and enforced for managing splurge generated by hospitals and hotels.
• Planting in the clear like Banyan, Jackfruit, Teak, or Mango can enhance the water table gift the water quality as these woodland out of the woo can hold large amount of bottled water in its roots and will gradually discharge it during summer. This system has found to be successful management many parts of the world reduce the price of reviving rivers.
• Planting and growing mangroves where possible: Mangroves acts a barrier custody the river banks from soil waste. The ecosystem within the mangroves industry varied and complex and help marine species to thrive in rivers.
• Constructing delay dams: Check dams slow down magnanimity flow of the river where stomachturning recharging the ground water and accelerating the water table.

Tributaries

Two main branches compact at Kuttipuram and flow to high-mindedness Arabian Sea. Each in turn has several branches as shown in decency diagram. List of the tributaries classified in order from the mouth style appellation upstream.

See also

Notes

References

External links